• Release Notes
  • Readme
    • Bentley CONNECT Licensing - Subscription Entitlement Service
    • Product Licensing FAQ – RAM Structural System: Blocking Use of Modules and Programs
    • License Consolidation
    • Datacheck Enhancements – Technology Preview
  • CONNECT Edition Version 17.02 SES Release Notes
    • New Features and Enhancements
    • Error Corrections
  • CONNECT Edition Version 17.02 SES Release Notes
    • New Features and Enhancements
    • Technology Preview Features
    • Error Corrections
  • CONNECT Edition Version 17.01.01 SES Release Notes
    • Error Corrections
  • CONNECT Edition Version 17.01 Release Notes
    • New Features and Enhancements
    • Error Corrections
  • CONNECT Edition Version 17.00.01 Release Notes
    • Error Corrections
  • CONNECT Edition Version 17.00 Release Notes
    • License Consolidation
    • New Features and Enhancements
    • Error Corrections
• RAM Manager
  • Introduction
    • Using the Documentation
  • The RAM Manager
    • To start the RAM Manager
      • Tip of the Day
      • RSS Feed
    • Database Operations
      • To create a new project
      • To open an existing project
      • Prevention of Multiple Users Editing
      • To save the project
      • To archive a model
      • To discard changes
      • To delete a database
    • Integration with ProjectWise
      • Prerequisites for Using Integration
      • To add a file to ProjectWise
      • To open a file stored in ProjectWise
      • To update ProjectWise server copy
      • To view ProjectWise document properties
      • To close a model opened from ProjectWise
    • Information about the Database
      • Model Status
      • Reset Status
      • Model Notes
      • 3-D View
    • Using RAM Structural System Modules
      • To start the RAM Modeler
      • To start the RAM Steel Beam design module
      • To start the RAM Steel Column Design Module
      • To start RAM Frame
      • To start RAM Concrete
      • To start RAM Foundation
      • To start RAM Concept
      • To start RAM Connection
    • Model Status
      • Model Status Indicator in RAM Manager
        • An Overview of the Lights
        • Model Status Information for Specific Modules
      • Model Status within each Module
      • Reset Model Status
    • RAM Manager Reports
    • License Management
    • To change report preferences
    • To generate a CIS/2 file
    • To exit RAM Manager
    • Technical Support
  • Database Criteria
    • To specify member loads criteria
    • To edit self-weight and self-mass criteria
    • To select a master steel table
    • To select design steel tables
    • To select concrete design tables
    • To specify Eurocode factors
    • To specify Canada parameters
    • To specify BS 5950 parameters
    • To specify Australia parameters
    • To select model units
  • Bentley iTwin
    • iTwin Services
      • Create a New iTwin Repository
      • Update an Existing iTwin Repository
      • Create a New RAM Structural System Model from an iTwin Repository
      • Update a RAM Structural System Model from an iTwin Repository
    • iTwin Analytical Synchronizer
    • Errors During iTwin Operations
    • Current Limitations and Considerations
    • Data
  • ProjectWise Project Association
    • To Associate a ProjectWise Project with Your File
    • To Disassociate a ProjectWise Project from a File
    • Assign Project dialog
    • Register a ProjectWise Project
  • RAM Manager Output
    • To select the report format
    • To generate a general criteria report
    • To generate an echo of input data
    • To generate a gravity beam loads report
      • Loading Information - Point Loads
      • Loading Information - Line Loads
    • To generate a gravity column loads report
    • To generate a gravity wall loads report
    • To generate a frame loads report
    • To generate foundation loads reports
    • RAM Manager DXF Files
      • To generate a steel floor framing drawing
      • To generate a concrete beam schedule drawing
      • To generate a column and footing schedule
      • To generate concrete wall drawings
      • DXF File Viewer
  • Customizing the RAM Structural System
    • To modify the program defaults
    • Modifying Defaults on a Project-by-Project Basis
  • RAM Structural System Tables
    • Metal Deck Tables
    • Metal Deck Table File Format
    • Master Steel Tables
    • Master Steel Table File Format
    • Design Steel Tables
    • Column Design Steel Table Format
    • Beam Design Steel Table Format
    • Steel Joist Tables - Standard Joists
    • Steel Joists Table - Constant Shear Joists
    • C-Beam Tables - Castellated
    • C-Beam Tables - Cellular
    • Westok Cellular Beam Tables
    • Connection Check Tables
    • Concrete Reinforcement Tables
    • Concrete Reinforcement Table Format
    • Pan Form Tables
    • Pan Form Table Format
    • RAM Frame Response Spectra Tables
    • RAM Modeler Story Label File
    • Fabricators and Suppliers
  • CIS/2 and the CIS Translator
    • The CIMsteel Integration Standards
    • RAM CIS/2 Export Translator
  • The RAM Steel Table Editor
    • RAM Structural System Steel Tables
    • Using the Steel Table Editor
      • To open the Steel Table Editor
      • Open a Table
      • Add
      • Edit
      • Reorder Sections in a Table
      • Delete
      • Save a Table
    • Steel Table Editor
      • Master Steel Table
      • Beam Steel Table
      • Column Steel Table
  • RAM Data Extractor
    • The Data
    • The Extractor Tool
    • Units
    • SQLite Column Header Naming Convention
    • Criteria Tables
    • Geometry Tables
    • Gravity Results Tables
    • Loads Tables
  • Menus
    • File menu
      • Open dialog
      • Delete dialog
      • Save as Archive dialog
      • Model Status dialog
    • Criteria menu
      • Criteria - Member Loads dialog
      • Self-Weight dialog
      • Master Table Selection dialog
        • Beam Design Steel Tables
        • Column Design Steel Tables
      • Design Tables Selection dialog
      • Concrete Tables Selection dialog
      • Eurocode Factors dialog
      • Canada Parameters dialog
      • BS 5950 Parameters dialog
      • Australia Parameters dialog
      • Model Units dialog
    • Model menu
    • Design menu
      • RAM Concept dialog
    • Post-Processing menu
      • DXF File Generation dialog
        • DXF File Color/Layer Options dialog
        • DXF File Beam Label Options dialog
        • DXF File Text Options dialog
        • DXF File Miscellaneous dialog
      • DXF Column And Footing Schedule
        • DXF Base Plan Text Options dialog
        • DXF Base Plan Miscellaneous Options dialog
      • Concrete Wall Drawing Settings dialog
    • Tools menu
      • Report Preferences dialog
    • View menu
      • Toolbars Configuration dialog
    • Help menu
    • Bentley Cloud Services menu
• RAM Modeler
  • Introduction
  • RAM Modeler Basics
    • To start the RAM Modeler
    • Getting the Current Version and Copyright Information.
    • Gravity Versus Lateral Members
    • Model Types
    • Materials
      • Steel
      • Steel Joists
      • Concrete
      • Other
      • Smartbeam
      • Westok CELLBEAM
    • Layout Types
      • Why Floor Types?
      • Adding a Floor Type
      • Changing a Floor Type Name
      • Deleting a Floor Type
      • Selecting a Floor Type
    • Story Data
      • Add a Story
      • Delete a Story
      • Change a Story
      • Change Multiple Stories
    • Grids and Grid Systems
      • Creating and Using Grids Systems
      • Creating and Using Grids in a Grid System
      • Moving Grids in a Grid System
      • Selecting Grid Systems
      • Creating and Using Construction Grids
    • Basic Features of the Modeler
      • The Toolbars
        • The primary toolbar
        • The Layout toolbar
        • The Member Specific Toolbars
        • The Layout - Slab toolbar
        • The Layout - Loads toolbar
        • Material menu
      • The Status Bar
      • Undo Command
      • Zooming and Scrolling
      • The Cursor
      • Reference Layout Types
      • Snap Points
      • Hot Keys and the Right Mouse Button
      • Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry
      • Display Options
      • RAM Modeler Units
    • Plan and Elevation Modeling
    • 3-D View
    • Member Numbers
    • Find Member
    • Measure Distance
    • Frame Numbers
    • Model Notes
    • Data Checking a Model
    • Align Members
    • Update Beam Supports
    • Saving a Model
    • Copying a Model
    • Misc
      • Issuing a Command in Fence Mode
      • Limiting Effective Flange Width
      • Status Bar Messages
      • Indicator Lights on the Status Bar
      • The Basics
        • The Right Mouse Button and the D Key
        • The "M" Key
        • The "Tab" Key
    • Exiting the RAM Modeler
  • Modeling in Plan Mode
    • Overview: The Recommended Sequence of Operations
    • Copying Floor Types
    • Importing a DXF file
    • Sloping Framing
      • Modeling Sloping Framing
    • Working with Different Materials
    • Working with PropTables
      • To add a beam, column, or brace section property
      • Gravity Load Properties
        • Live Load Reduction
      • Snow Load Properties
      • Decking PropTable
        • Adding a Composite Decking Property
          • Self-Weight
        • Adding a Noncomposite Decking Property
        • Adding a Concrete Slab Property
        • Deleting a Decking Property
        • Changing a Decking Property
        • Saving the Modifications
        • Specifying Steel and Synthetic Fibres
          • Specifying FibreFlor Fibres with Corus Deck
          • Specifying Dramix Fibres with Kingspan Deck
        • Adding Diaphragm Stiffness Modifiers
    • Working with Columns
      • Eccentricities
    • Working with Beams
      • To add a web opening
      • To change a web opening
    • Working with Joists
    • Working with C-Beam
    • Working with Westok Cellular Beams
    • Working with Horizontal Braces
    • Working with Walls
      • To add a concrete wall on-grid
      • To add an other wall on-grid
      • Changing the Properties of Concrete Walls
      • Changing the Properties of 'Other' Walls
      • Walls - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Beam [Dist, Dist]
      • Walls - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Beam [Dist, Angle]
      • Walls - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Column
      • Walls - Add Off-Grid: Column to Beam
      • To modify wall eccentricities
    • Working with Foundations
      • Single Column Footings
      • Continuous Footings
      • Mat Foundations
    • Working with Slabs
      • Slab Edges
      • Slab Openings
      • Penetrations
      • Deck Assignment
      • One-Way and Two-way Slabs
      • Drop Caps
      • Decks on Sloping Framing
      • To assign decking
      • Add Decking - Add
      • Add Decking - Whole Floor
      • To change a decking assignment
      • To change a deck polygon
      • To delete decking
      • To show decking properties
    • Working with Gravity Loads
      • Point Loads
      • Line Loads
      • Surface Loads
      • Loads on Sloping Framing
    • Working with Snow Loads
    • Making Assignments in Plan Mode
  • Modeling in Elevation Mode
    • Getting into Elevation Mode
    • Working with Different Materials
    • Working with Nodal Loads
    • Working with Columns and Beams
    • Working with Walls
      • Working with Wall Openings
        • To add a wall opening
        • To modify a wall opening
        • To delete a wall opening
        • To show wall opening details
    • Working with Braces
    • Making Assignments in Elevation Mode
    • Exiting Elevation Mode
  • Menus
    • File menu
    • Edit menu
    • Material menu
    • PropTable menu
      • Concrete Column Section Properties dialog
        • Deleting a Concrete Column Section
        • Changing a Concrete Column Section
        • Saving the Modifications
      • Other Column Section Properties dialog
        • Deleting an 'Other' Column Section
        • Changing an 'Other' Column Section
        • Saving the Modifications
      • Concrete Beams Section Properties dialog
        • Deleting a Concrete Beam Section
        • Changing a Concrete Beam Section
        • Saving the Modifications
      • Other Beams Sections Properties dialog
        • • Deleting an 'Other' Beam Section
          • Changing an 'Other' Beam Section
          • Saving the Modifications
      • Deck/Slab Property Information dialog
      • Surface Load Properties dialog
        • Adding a Surface Load Property
        • Deleting a Surface Load Property
        • Changing a Surface Load Property
      • Line Load Properties dialog
        • Adding a Line Load Property
        • Deleting a Line Load Property
        • Changing a Line Load Property
        • Saving the Modifications
        • Construction Dead Load
      • Point Load Properties dialog
        • Adding a Point Load Property
        • Deleting a Point Load Property
        • Changing a Point Load Property
      • Snow Load Properties dialog
        • Adding a Snow Load Property
        • Deleting a Snow Load Property
        • Changing a Snow Load Property
      • Lateral Load Cases dialog
        • Add a Nodal Load Case
        • Change a Nodal Load Case:
        • Delete a Nodal Load Case:
      • Nodal Load Properties dialog
        • To add a nodal load
        • Change a Nodal Load:
        • Delete a Nodal Load:
      • Pressure Load Properties dialog
    • Layout menu
      • Layout > Type menu
        • Layout - Type - Copy
        • Layout - Type - Select
        • Layout - Import DXF
      • Layout > Grids menu
        • Create/Edit Grid Systems dialog
        • Select Grid Systems dialog
        • Create Construction Grids dialog
          • Add a Construction Grid Parallel to a Beam/Wall
          • Add a Construction Grid Parallel to an Existing Grid
          • Add a Construction Grid Through a Point at an Angle
          • Add a Construction Grid Through Two Points
          • Deleting Construction Grids
        • Add, Delete or Edit Grids
          • Adding Individual Grid Lines:
            • Grid Angle
            • Radial Distance
          • Generating Equally Spaced Grid Lines
          • Changing a Grid
          • Deleting a Grid
          • Moving a Grid
          • Saving the Modifications
          • X and Y Tabs
          • Radial and Circular Tabs
        • Layout - Grids - Create/Edit
        • Moving Grids and Data
        • Grid Coordinates
        • Grid Labels
        • Display Label
        • Extents
      • Layout > Columns menu
        • Adding a Concrete Column Section
        • Adding an 'Other' Column Section
        • Layout - Columns - Add On-Grid
        • Layout - Columns - Add Off-Grid
          • Adding Steel Columns Off-Grid
          • Adding Concrete Columns Off-Grid
          • Adding 'Other' Columns Off-Grid
        • Layout - Columns - Move Column
          • Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry
        • Layout - Columns - Offset
        • Layout - Columns - Assign Rigid Links
        • Layout - Columns - Delete
        • Layout - Columns - Change Properties
          • To Change Properties of Steel Columns:
          • To Change Properties of Concrete Columns:
          • To Change Properties of 'Other' Columns:
        • Layout - Columns - Change Materials
          • Material menu
        • Layout - Columns- Show
        • Layout - Columns - LL Reduction
        • Layout - Columns - Modify Elevation
        • Layout - Columns - Assign Eccentricity
        • Layout - Columns - Assign Frame Fixity
        • Layout - Columns - Assign Size
        • Layout - Columns - Clear Size
        • Layout - Columns - Text
      • Layout > Beams / Joists / C-Beam menu
        • Adding a Concrete Beam Section
        • Adding an 'Other' Beam Section
        • Layout - Beams - Add Cantilevers
          • Input Value as Cantilever Length
          • Input Value as an Intercept of the Cantilever End
        • Layout - Beams - Add Generation
          • Defining Steel Beam Properties
          • Defining Concrete Beam Properties
        • Layout - Beams - Add Off-Grid
          • Defining 'Other' Beam Properties
          • Defining Smartbeam Properties
          • Defining Westok CELLBEAM Properties
          • Beams - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Beam [Dist, Dist]
          • Beams - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Beam [Dist, Angle]
          • Beams - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Column
          • Beams - Add Off-Grid: Column to Beam
          • Beams - Add Off-Grid: Parallel to Beam
        • Layout - Beams - Add On-Grid
          • Defining Steel Beam Properties
          • Defining Concrete Beam Properties
          • Defining 'Other' Beam Properties
        • Layout - Beams - Assign Beam Fixity
        • Layout - Beams - Assign Size
          • PropTable menu
        • Layout - Beams - Brace Points
        • Layout - Beams - Change Materials
        • Layout - Beams - Change Properties
          • Changing the Properties of Steel Beams
          • Changing the Properties of Concrete Beams
          • Changing the Properties of 'Other' Beams
        • Layout - Beams - Clear Size
        • Layout - Beams - Delete
        • Layout - Beams - Move
        • Layout - Beams - Offset
        • Layout - Beams - Assign Rigid Links
        • Layout - Beams - Show
        • Layout - Beams - Web Openings
          • Web Opening Layout Mode dialog
          • Change Web Opening Mode dialog
          • Web Opening Delete Mode dialog
          • Web Opening Show Mode dialog
        • Layout - Beams/Joists - Deflect Criteria
        • Layout - Beams/Joists - Size Restriction
          • Options - Show Size Restrictions
        • Layout - Beams/Joists - LL Reduction
        • Layout - Beams - Modify Stub Cantilever Slope
        • Layout - Beams/Joists - Steel Table
        • Layout - Joists
          • Layout - Joists - Add On-Grid
          • Layout - Joists - Add Off-Grid
            • Joists - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Beam [Dist, Dist]
            • Joists - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Beam [Dist, Angle]
            • Joists - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Column
            • Joists - Add Off-Grid: Column to Beam
          • Layout - Joists - Add Cantilevers
          • Layout - Joists - Add Generation
            • Crosshairs
          • Layout - Joists - Change Materials
          • Layout - Joists - Assign Size
          • Layout - Joist - Clear Size
          • Layout - Joists - Delete
          • Layout - Joists - Show
          • Layout - Beams/Joists - Size Restriction
          • Layout - Beams/Joists - Steel Table
          • Layout - Beams/Joists - Deflect Criteria
          • Layout - Beams/Joists - LL Reduction
        • C-Beam
          • C-Beam - Further Information
          • Defining Smartbeam Properties
          • Layout - Smartbeam - Assign Duct Size
          • Changing the Properties of Smartbeams
          • Do and S
          • dt and e
        • Westok CELLBEAM
          • Changing the Properties of Westok CELLBEAM
          • Westok CELLBEAM - Further Information
          • Defining Westok CELLBEAM Properties
          • Layout - Westok CELLBEAM - Assign Size
          • Layout - Westok CELLBEAM - Clear Beam Size
          • Layout - Westok CELLBEAM - Assign Cell Size
          • Layout - Westok CELLBEAM - Clear Cell Size
          • Layout - Westok CELLBEAM - Assign Anchor Cell
          • Layout - Westok CELLBEAM - Assign Duct Size
        • Layout Beams - Add Pan Joist/Beam
        • Layout - Beams - Delete Cantilevers
      • Layout > Horizontal Braces menu
        • Layout - Horizontal Braces - Add On-Grid
        • Layout - Horizontal Braces - Add Off-Grid
        • Layout - Horizontal Braces - Delete
        • Layout - Horizontal Braces - Change Properties
          • Changing the Properties of Steel Horizontal Braces
          • Changing the Properties of Concrete Horizontal Braces
          • Changing the Properties of 'Other' Horizontal Braces
        • Layout - Horizontal Braces - Change Materials
        • Layout - Horizontal Braces - Show
        • Layout - Horizontal Braces - Brace Points
        • Layout - Horizontal Braces - Assign Frame Fixity
        • Layout - Horizontal Braces - Assign Size
      • Layout > Walls menu
        • Add <material> Wall Off-Grid Mode dialog
          • Walls - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Beam [Dist, Dist]
          • Walls - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Beam [Dist, Angle]
          • Walls - Add Off-Grid: Beam to Column
          • Walls - Add Off-Grid: Column to Beam
        • Add <material> Wall Generation Mode dialog
        • Move Walls dialog
        • Layout - Walls - Delete
        • Layout - Walls - Change Materials
        • Layout - Walls - Change Properties
        • Layout - Walls - Show
        • Add Wall Openings dialog
        • Change Wall Openings dialog
        • Wall Openings Delete Mode dialog
        • Show Wall Openings dialog
        • Wall <material> Live Load Reduction dialog
        • Modify Wall Elevation dialog
        • Assign Wall Eccentricity dialog
      • Layout > Slab menu
        • Layout - Slab - Slab Edge
          • Model Types
          • Add a Slab Edge
          • Delete a Slab Edge
          • Show a Slab Edge
        • Layout - Slab - Slab Openings
          • Add a Slab Opening
          • Delete a Slab Opening
          • Show a Slab Opening
        • Layout - Slab - Slab Penetrations
          • Add a Slab Penetration
          • Delete a Slab Penetration
          • Change a Slab Penetration
        • Deck Assignment Mode dialog
          • Deck Properties - <deck type> dialog
      • Layout > Loads menu
        • Layout - Loads - Line
          • Add a Line Load Assignment
          • Changing Line Load Assignment
          • Deleting Line Load Assignment
          • Showing Line Load Assignment
        • Layout - Loads - Point
          • Add a Point Load Assignment
          • Change a Point Load Assignment
          • Delete a Point Load Assignment
          • Show a Point Load Assignment
        • Layout - Loads - Surface
          • Add a Surface Load Assignment
          • Change a Surface Load Assignment
          • Change a Surface Load Polygon
          • Delete a Surface Load Assignment
          • Show a Surface Load Assignment
          • Change Polygon Mode
        • Layout - Loads - Snow
          • Add a Snow Load Assignment
          • Change a Snow Load Assignment
          • Change a Snow Load Polygon
          • Delete a Snow Load Assignment
          • Show a Snow Load Assignment
      • Layout > Foundations menu
        • Foundations - Continuous - Add
        • Foundations - Continuous - Change Properties
        • Foundations - Continuous - Delete
        • Foundations - Continuous - Show
        • Add Single Column Footing
        • Change Single Column Footing Properties
        • Delete Single Column Foundation
        • Show Single Column Foundation
        • Mat Foundation Geometry Layout Mode dialog
          • Add a Mat Foundation Property Assignment
          • Change Mat Foundation Coordinates
          • Delete a Mat Foundation Property Assignment
          • Show a Mat Foundation Property Assignment
        • Change Mat Foundation Coordinates
        • Mat Foundation Assignment Mode dialog
          • Add a Mat Foundation Property Assignment
          • Change Mat Foundation Properties
          • Delete a Mat Foundation Property Assignment
          • Show a Mat Foundation Property Assignment
        • Change Mat Foundation Properties
        • Layout - Foundations - Modify Elevation
        • Modeling Continuous Footings
      • Layout > Braces menu
        • Layout - Braces - Add Special
        • Layout - Braces - Add Standard
        • Layout - Braces - Delete
        • Layout - Braces - Change Properties
        • Layout - Braces - Change Material
        • Layout - Braces - Show
        • Layout - Braces - Assign Frame Fixity
        • Layout - Braces - Assign Size
      • Layout > Lateral Loads menu
        • Layout - Nodal Loads
        • Add a Nodal Load Assignment:
        • Change a Nodal Load Assignment:
        • Delete a Nodal Load Assignment:
        • Show a Nodal Load Assignment:
      • Layout - Frame Numbers
        • Using Frame Numbers
    • Story menu
      • Story Data dialog
    • View menu
      • Zoom
        • View - Zoom Fence
        • View - Zoom - Full
        • View - Zoom - Zoom In
        • View - Zoom - Zoom Out
        • View - Zoom - Previous Zoom
      • View - Elevation Mode
      • View - 3D View
      • Find dialog
      • Measure Distance
      • View - Pen Color
      • Toolbar
      • View - Status Bar
    • Integrity menu
      • DataCheck
      • Align
      • Update Beam Supports
    • Options menu
      • Options - Change Units
      • Options - Reference Layout Types
      • Options - User Interface
      • Options - Scale Text
      • Options - Set Defaults
      • Options - Set Show Options
      • Options - Show Brace Points
      • Options - Show Fixity
      • Options - Show Property - Frame Numbers
      • Options - Show Property - Foundation Numbers
      • Options - Show Sizes
      • Options - Show Property
        • Options - Show Property - Beam Numbers
        • Options - Show Property - Column Numbers
        • Options - Show Property - Wall Numbers
        • Options - Show Property - Brace Numbers
        • Options - Show Property - Foundation Numbers
        • Options - Show Property - Column and Wall Elevations
        • Options - Show Property - Foundation Elevations
      • Options - Renumber Members
      • Options - Set Snap Points
      • Options - Show Web Openings
      • Options - Show Property
      • Options - Show Size Restrictions
      • Options - Show Member Lengths
• RAM Steel Beam
  • Introduction
  • Designing Gravity Beams
    • Beam Design Tables
    • Invoking the Beam Design Module
    • Model Status
    • Saving the Model
    • Building the Framing Tables
    • Materials
    • The Toolbar
    • Model Notes
    • Find Beam
    • Beam Design Criteria
      • Steel Design Codes
      • Design Defaults
      • Deflection Criteria
      • Camber
      • Stud Criteria
      • Web Opening Criteria
      • Joist Criteria
      • Smartbeam Criteria
      • Bison Precast Units Criteria
      • Westok Cellular Beams Criteria
    • Assign
      • Ignore Rib Spacing
      • Deflection Criteria
    • Interactive Beam Design
    • Batch Beam Design
    • Freezing and Clearing Designs
    • Design Error Messages
      • Two-way Deck
    • Viewing Design Interaction Colors
    • Vibration Analysis
    • Viewing Designs and Other Beam Data
    • More Screen Display Options
    • Output Reports from the Beam Design Module
    • Exporting to Westok AutoMate
    • Importing from Westok AutoMate
    • Exporting to CMF Deck Design Software
    • Exiting the Beam Design Module
  • Web Openings
    • Nomenclature
    • Modeling Web Openings in Modeler
    • Design Criteria
    • Web Opening Design
    • Technical Notes
      • Design Guide #2
      • SCI Publication 068
      • SCI Publication 355
    • Opening and Stiffener Graphics
    • Reports
      • Echo of Input Data
      • Gravity Beam Design
      • Web Opening Summary
      • Floor Map
  • Modeling and Selecting Steel Joists
    • Joist Classifications
    • Standard Joists
      • Standard Joist Tables
      • Custom Joist Designations
      • Nonuniform Loads
      • References
    • Constant Shear Joist Tables
    • Joist Girders
    • Special Joists
    • Sloping Joists
    • Joist Depths
    • Modeling Steel Joists on the Modeler
    • Assigning Joist Sizes
      • Overview
      • Assigning Joist Sizes in Modeler
      • Design of Joists with assigned sizes
    • Output
    • Using SJI Virtual Joist Girder Tables
  • C-Beam Design
    • Nomenclature
    • Modeling C-Beam
      • Material
      • Ducts
      • Assigning C-Beam Sizes
    • C-Beam Design
      • Criteria
      • View/Update
      • Beams with Transfer Columns
      • Reports
      • Vibration
      • DXF
    • C-Beam Technical Notes
      • Compression Flange Bracing
      • Contact
    • Steel Design Codes for C-Beam
    • Castellated Beam Design Procedures
      • AISC 360 ASD Design Procedure
      • AISC 360 LRFD Design Procedure
      • ASD Design Procedure (9th Edition)
      • LRFD Design Procedure (3rd Edition)
      • Deflection
    • Cellular Beam Design Procedures
      • AISC 360 ASD Design Procedure
      • AISC 360 LRFD Design Procedure
      • ASD Design Procedure (9th Edition)
      • LRFD Design Procedure (3rd Edition)
      • Deflection
  • Bison Precast Units
    • Deck Properties
    • Criteria
    • Technical Notes
      • Precast Units
      • Gap
      • Effective Width of Compression Area
      • Shear Stud Capacity
      • Contact
  • Steel and Synthetic Fibres
    • Dramix
    • FibreFlor
    • Modeling
    • Deck Table
    • Composite Beam Design
      • Dramix
      • FibreFlor
    • Gravity Beam Design Report
    • Transverse Reinforcement Check Report
  • Westok CELLBEAM
    • Nomenclature
    • Modeling Cellular Beams
      • Material
      • Assign Duct Size
      • Assign Anchor Cell
      • Assigning Sizes
      • Design Tables Selection
    • Westok Cellular Beam Design
      • Criteria
      • View/Update
      • Reports
      • Vibration
      • DXF
    • Westok Cellular Beam Technical Notes
      • Design Procedure
      • Deflection
      • Interaction of Axial Load, Bending Moment and Shear Force
      • Influence of Asymmetry of Openings
      • Concrete Shear Capacity
      • Degree of Shear Connection
    • Exporting to Westok AutoMate
      • Exported Data
      • Customizing Automate Export File for Steel Beams
    • Importing frpm Westok AutoMate
  • Technical Notes
    • Building Codes
    • Steel Design Codes for Steel Beams
    • Member Loads
      • Load Properties
      • Self-Weight Calculations
      • Effects of Sloping Framing
      • Effects of Deck Type
      • Effects of Deck Orientation
      • Loads on Slab Edges in One-way Decks
      • Openings and Penetrations
      • Positive Loads, Negative Loads, and Skip Loading
      • Live Load Reduction
        • IBC 2000 - 2018
        • BOCA
        • SBC
        • UBC
        • NBC of Canada
        • BS 6399
        • Eurocode
        • Australian / New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1170.1:2002
        • China GB 50009-2001
        • Hong Kong Building Regulation
        • IS 800-07
        • Live Load Reduction in RAM Frame
      • Gravity Loads on Walls
      • Models with Hanging Columns
      • Load Combinations
    • Design Yield Strength
    • Steel Material Properties
    • Cross Section Classification
      • Error Messages
    • Composite Beam Design
      • Limiting Effective Flange Width
      • Calculating Effective Flange Width
      • Orientation
      • Effect of Slab and Deck Change
      • Shear Stud Connectors
      • Stresses - ASD
      • Capacities - Tolerances
      • Capacities - AISC 360 (ASD and LRFD), LRFD 3rd
      • Capacities - Eurocode
      • Capacities - CAN/CSA-S16-01 / S16-09
      • Capacities - BS 5950
      • Capacities - AS 2327.1
      • Capacities - IS 800-07
    • Noncomposite Beam Design
      • CAN/CSA-S16
      • BS 5950:1990
      • BS 5950:2000
      • AS 4100-98
      • IS 800-07
    • Cantilevers
      • Stub Cantilevers
    • Offset Beams
    • Unbraced Length
      • AISC
      • Eurocode
      • CAN/CSA-S16-01 / S16-09
      • BS 5950
      • AS 4100
      • IS 800-07
    • Deflection
      • AISC 360, AISC LRFD 3rd and AISC ASD 9th
      • CAN/CSA-S16-01 / S16-09
      • BS 5950
      • Eurocode
      • AS 2327.1
    • Camber
    • Shear
    • Optimization
    • Size and Depth Limitation
    • User-Defined Rolled and Built-up Shapes
    • Steel Joists
    • SMARTBEAM
  • Vibration Analysis
    • Overview
    • Design Guide #11 and FloorVibe
      • Bay Classification
      • FloorVibe
      • Vibration Analysis
      • Steel Beams
      • Steel Joists
      • Smartbeams
      • Walls
    • SCI P354 and FloorVibeUK
      • Bay Classification
      • FloorVibeUK
      • Vibration Analysis
      • Steel Beams
      • Walls
    • Vibration Analysis - Original Method
      • Overview
      • Theoretical Background
      • Assumptions and Limitations
      • Perceptibility
    • Vibration, Frequency and BS 5950
  • Beam Design Output
    • Floor Map
    • Beam Design - Allowable Stress Design (AISC ASD 9th)
      • Page Heading
      • Span Information
      • Section Properties
      • Composite Properties (for composite design)
      • Loading Information - Point Loads
      • Loading Information - Applied Moments
      • Loading Information - Line Loads
      • Shear
      • Moments
      • Reactions
      • Deflections - Center Span
      • Deflections - Cantilever
      • Torsion
    • Beam Design - AISC 360 (ASD/LRFD), LRFD 3rd
      • Span Information
      • Composite Properties
      • Shear (Ultimate)
      • Moments (Ultimate)
    • Beam Design - CAN/CSA-S16-01
      • Page Heading
      • Span Information
      • Section Properties
      • Composite Properties (Composite Beams)
      • Loading Information - Point Loads
      • Loading Information - Applied Moments
      • Loading Information - Line Loads
      • Shear
      • Moments
      • Tension Flange Stress
      • Reactions
      • Deflections
    • Beam Design - BS 5950
      • Page Heading
      • Span Information
      • Section Properties
      • Composite Properties (Composite Beams)
      • Loading Information - Point Loads
      • Loading Information - Line Loads
      • Load Combinations
      • Shear
      • Moments
      • Flange Stress
      • Reactions
      • Vibration
      • Deflections
      • Transvers Reinforcing
    • Beam Design - Eurocode
      • Input Factors
      • Composite Properties
      • Load Combinations
      • Shear
      • Moments
      • Controlling
      • Transverse Reinforcing
    • Beam Design - AS 4100/AS 2327.1
      • Page Heading
      • Span Information
      • Section Properties
      • Composite Properties (Composite Beams)
      • Loading Information - Point Loads
      • Loading Information - Applied Moments
      • Loading Information - Line Loads
      • Load Combinations
      • Shear
      • Moments
      • Flange Stress
      • Reactions
      • Deflections
    • Beam Design - IS 800-07
    • Joist Selection
      • Design Loads
      • Deflections
    • Smartbeam Design - AISC 360-05 ASD (13th Edition)
    • Load Diagram
    • Smartbeam Design - AISC 360-05 LRFD (13th Edition)
      • Shear (Ultimate) - Gross
      • Shear (Ultimate) - Net
      • Shear (Ultimate) - Horizontal
      • Web Post Buckling
    • Smartbeam Beam Design - AISC ASD (9th Edition)
      • Composite Properties (for composite design)
      • Loading Information - Point Loads
      • Loading Information - Applied Moments
      • Loading Information - Line Loads
      • Shear - Gross
      • Shear - Net
      • Shear - Horizontal
      • Web Post Buckling
      • Vierendeel
      • Moments
      • Reactions
      • Deflections - Center Span
    • Smartbeam Design - AISC LRFD (3rd Edition)
      • Shear (Ultimate) - Gross
      • Shear (Ultimate) - Net
      • Shear (Ultimate) - Horizontal
      • Web Post Buckling
    • Detailed Smartbeam Design
    • Beam Design Summary
      • Steel Beam Design Summary
      • Steel Joist Selection Summary
      • Smartbeam Design Summary
      • Westok Cellular Beam Design Summary
    • Web Opening Summary
    • Beam and Joist Reaction Summary
    • Beam and Joist Deflection Summary
    • Composite Beam Frequency Summary
    • Framing Check
    • Connection Check
    • Transverse Reinforcing Check
    • Beam Takeoff
      • Steel Beam Design Takeoff
      • Joist Selection Takeoff
      • Smartbeam Design Takeoff
      • Westok Cellular Beam Design Takeoff
    • Vibration Analysis
    • Shear, Moment and Deflection Diagrams
  • Menus
    • File menu
    • Criteria menu
      • Criteria - Steel Design Codes
      • Beam Design Defaults dialog
        • Vibration Analysis BS 5950
          • Calculation of Frequency
      • Deflection Criteria dialog
      • Camber Criteria for Composite/Non-Composite Beams dialog
      • Stud Criteria dialog
      • Web Openings dialog
      • Joist Criteria dialog
      • C-Beam Criteria dialog
      • Criteria - Smartbeams
      • Westok Cellular Beam Criteria
    • Type menu
      • Floor Type Select dialog
    • Assign menu
      • Assign - Ignore Rib Spacing dialog
      • Deflection Criteria dialog
    • Process menu
      • Design All
      • View/Update
      • Color Scale dialog
      • Process - Freeze
      • Process - Clear Designs
        • Clear Designs - Single
        • Clear Designs - Fence
        • Clear Designs - All
      • Process - Clear Sizes
      • Process - Export Deck - CMF Deck
      • Process - Export to Westok AutoMate
      • Process - Import from Westok AutoMate
    • Reports menu
      • Reports - Beam Criteria
      • Reports - Joist Criteria
      • Reports - Beam Design
      • Reports Summary
      • Reports - Web Opening Summary
      • Reports - Map Floor
      • Reports - Map Fence
      • Reports - Load Diagram
      • Reports - Reactions
      • Reports - Deflections
      • Reports - Frequency Summary
      • Reports - Framing Check
      • Reports - Connection Check
      • Reports - Transverse Reinforcement Check
      • Reports - Takeoff
      • Screen
    • Vibration menu
      • Vibration Analysis-AISC Design Guide #11
      • Vibration Analysis - SCI Publication P354
      • Vibration Analysis-Original Method
    • View menu
      • View - Zoom - Full
      • View - Zoom Fence
      • View - Zoom In
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      • View - Zoom - Previous Zoom
      • View - Pen Color
      • View - Set Show Options
      • View - Show Designs
      • View - Show Beams with Warnings
      • View - Show Beam Numbers
      • View - Show Reactions
      • View - Show Web Openings
      • View - Show Brace Points
      • Find dialog
      • Find dialog
      • View - Scale Text
      • View - Tool Bar
• RAM Steel Column
  • Introduction
  • The Steel Column Design Module
    • Terminology
    • Column Tables
    • Invoking the Column Module
    • Building the Framing Tables
    • Model Status
      • Saving the Model
    • Steel Column Color-Coding
      • Model Colors
      • Design Colors
      • Interaction Colors
    • Graphics Commands
    • The Toolbar
    • Model Notes
    • Criteria
      • Steel Design Codes
      • Design Defaults
      • Trial Groups Defaults
      • Bracing
      • Base Plates
    • Assign
      • Bracing
      • Splicing
      • Trial Groups
    • Materials
    • Design Loads
    • Batch Column Design
    • Interactive Column Design
    • Copy
    • Freezing and Clearing Designs
    • Base Plate Design
    • Output Reports from the Column Module
    • Exiting the Column Module
  • Technical Notes
    • Building Codes
    • Steel Design Codes
    • Member Loads
      • Load Properties
      • Self-Weight Calculations
      • Effects of Sloping Framing
      • Effects of Deck Type
      • Effects of Deck Orientation
      • Loads on Slab Edges
      • Openings and Penetrations
      • Positive Loads, Negative loads, and Skip Loading
      • Live Load Reduction
        • IBC 2000 - 2018
        • BOCA
        • SBC
        • UBC
        • NBC of Canada
        • BS 6399
        • Eurocode
        • Australian / New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1170.1:2002
        • China GB 50009-2001
        • Hong Kong Building Regulation
        • IS 800-07
        • Live Load Reduction in RAM Frame
      • Gravity Loads on Walls
    • Design Loads
      • Unbalanced Moments
        • Multi-Story Column Moments
      • Reactions
      • Load Cases
      • Moment Split
      • Load Combinations
      • Design Moments
      • Design Axial Loads
    • Column Splices
      • User-specified Splice Designation
      • Automatic Splice Designation
      • Splice Flag Types
    • Joint Translation
    • Column Bracing
    • Unbraced Length
    • Effective Length
    • Slender Columns
    • Hanging Columns
    • Offset Columns on Columns
    • Offset Beams on Columns
    • Design Yield Strength
      • Steel Material Properties
    • Cross Section Classification
    • Section Capacity
    • Error Messages
    • Base Plates
  • Column Design Output
    • Gravity Column Design Criteria
      • Default Splice Levels
      • Design Defaults
      • Trial Groups
      • Column Bracing
      • Base Plates
    • AISC Column Design
      • Page Heading
      • Story Information
      • Input Design Parameters
      • Controlling Column Loads
      • Calculated Parameters
      • Interaction Equation
    • Eurocode Column Design
      • Page Heading
      • Story Information
      • Input Design Parameters
      • Controlling Column Loads
      • Calculated Parameters
      • Resistance of Cross Section
      • Buckling Resistance of Members
    • CAN/CSA-S16-01 Column Design
      • Page Heading
      • Story Information
      • Input Design Parameters
      • Controlling Column Shear Loads
      • Calculated Parameters
      • Interaction Equation
      • Controlling Column Flexural Loads
      • Calculated Parameters
      • Interaction Equation
    • British BS 5950 Column Design
      • Page Heading
      • Story Information
      • Input Design Parameters
      • Controlling Column Shear Loads
      • Calculated Parameters
      • Interaction Equation
      • Controlling Column Flexural Loads
      • Calculated Parameters
      • Interaction Equation
    • AS 4100 Column Design
      • Page Heading
      • Story Information
      • Input Design Parameters
      • Controlling Column Loads
      • Calculated Parameters
    • IS 800-07 Column Design
    • Column Design Summary
      • Allowable Stress Design
      • LRFD
      • Eurocode Design
      • CAN/CSA-S16-01 Design
      • BS 5950 Design
      • AS 4100 Design
      • IS 800-07 Design
    • Column Loads
    • Column Load Summary
    • Column Design Takeoff
    • Base Plate Design
      • Base Plate Dimensions
      • Column Data
      • Bearing
      • Calculated Dimensions
      • Eurocode Design
      • CAN/CSA-S16-01 Design
      • BS 5950
      • IS 800-07
    • Base Plate Design Summary
  • RAM Steel Column CONNECT Edition Help
    • File
      • File Save
      • Model Status
      • File - Notes
      • Exit
    • Criteria
      • Criteria - Steel Design Codes
      • Criteria - Design Defaults
      • Criteria - Trial Group Defaults
      • Criteria - Bracing
      • Criteria - Base Plate
    • Assign
      • Assign - Bracing
        • Assign Modifying Bracing
        • Assign - Returning to Default Bracing
      • Assign - Splicing
        • Assign Modifying Splicing
        • Assign - Returning to Default Splicing
      • Assign - Trial Groups
        • Assign Modifying Trial Groups
        • Assign - Returning to Default Trial Groups
    • Process
      • Design All
        • Framing Table Options
      • View/Update
        • View/Update: The Column Selection Results
          • Bracing Status (Mj and Mn)
          • Splice Levels (Sp)
        • View/Update: Trial Group Results
        • View/Update: Story - Analyze
        • View/Update: Story - Optimize
        • View/Update: Column Line Optimization
      • Copy
      • Freeze Design - Col Line
      • Freeze Design - All
      • Clear Design - Col Line
      • Clear Design - All
    • Reports
      • Design Criteria
      • Column Design - Single
      • Column Design - Col Line
      • Column Design - All
      • Col Summary
      • Loads
      • Load Summary
      • Takeoff
      • Base Plates - Single
      • Base Plates - All
      • Base Plates - Summary
    • View
    • Window
      • Close
      • Maximize
      • Scroll Bars
      • Title Bar
      • Toolbar
      • Window sizing border
      • Minimize
      • Restore
      • Status Bar
    • Support
      • Technical Support
• RAM Frame
  • Introduction
  • RAM Frame Basics
    • Frame Model
    • Important Modeling Considerations
    • Loads, Load Cases, and Load Combinations
    • Invoking RAM Frame
    • Building the Framing Tables
    • Modes
      • Analysis - Load Cases Mode
      • Analysis - Load Combinations Mode
      • Steel Standard Provision Mode
      • Drift Control Mode
    • Analysis Status
    • Saving the Model
    • Toolbars
      • The Primary Toolbar
      • The DXF Toolbar
      • The Mode Toolbar
      • The Analysis Toolbar
      • The Results Toolbar
      • The Steel Mode Toolbar
      • The Drift Control Mode Toolbar
    • Status Bar
      • Indicator Lights on the Status Bar
    • The View Commands
      • View - 3D
      • View - Plan
      • View - Elevation
      • The Zoom Commands
      • View - Navigation Rotate/Pan
      • View - Resolution - Low/Medium/High
      • View - Projection - Perspective/Orthographic
      • View - Pertinent/Nonpertinent Members
      • View - Members
      • View - Extents
      • View - Frames
      • View - Nodal Loads
      • Show/Hide View Commands
      • View - Options - Pen Colors
      • View - Options - Scale Text
      • View - Options - Scale Symbols
      • View - Options - Save Settings
      • Reset Model
      • Generate Analytical Model
      • Construction Stage Analysis
    • Multiple Views
    • Exiting and Changing Modes
    • Technical Support
  • Analysis - Load Cases Mode
    • Analysis Mode Criteria
      • General
        • Rigid End Zone Effects
        • P-Delta Effects
        • Member Force Output
        • Analytical Model
        • Wall Element
        • Dynamic Analysis Forces
        • Solver Type
        • AISC 360
        • Eigenvalue Analysis
        • Diaphragm
      • Diaphragm
        • Diaphragm Setting (In-plane and Out-of-plane Stiffness)
        • Disconnected Nodes
        • Diaphragm Mesh
      • Ground Level
      • Redundancy
        • UBC 1997
        • IBC 2000 \ IBC 2003
      • Reduced Beam Section
      • Construction Stage Analysis
    • Assign
      • Assign Size
      • Assign Fixity
      • Assign Frame Beam Connection Types
      • Assign Tension-Only
      • Assign Buckling Restrained Brace
      • Assign Node Connectivity
      • Assign Wall-Groups
      • Assign Frame Numbers
      • Springs
        • Foundation Springs
        • Assigning Foundation Springs at Column Base
        • Assigning Foundation Springs at Brace Base
        • Assigning Foundation Springs at Wall Base
        • Clearing Foundation Springs
      • Construction Stage Number
      • Assign Column Panel Zone
    • Frame Loads
      • Gravity Loads for Notional Loads and P-Delta Effects
      • Masses
      • Exposure
      • Defining Load Cases
      • Load Case Type Labels
      • Load Case Labels
      • Merged Load Cases
      • Additional Load Cases Generated for Analysis with Tension-Only Members
      • Analysis with Orthogonal Load Cases
      • Construction Stage Analysis Load Case
    • Process - Analyze
    • Process - View/Update
    • Process - Results
      • Applied Story Forces
      • Building Story Shears
      • Frame Story Shears
      • Analysis Results Diagrams
        • Invoking the Dialog
        • Member Information
        • Member Start and End Supports
        • Analysis Type Selection
        • Diagram Type Selection
        • Diagram Maximum and Minimum Values
        • Current Value at Slider Location
        • Diagrams
        • Distance Slide Bar
        • Distance Locator
        • Save Settings
        • Close Button
      • Member Forces
      • Wall Group Forces
      • Shear Wall Forces
      • Member Forces Envelope
      • Reactions
      • Deflected Shape
      • Mode Shapes
      • Stress and Force Contours
      • Drift
      • BS5950 Lambda Critical
      • Redundancy Factors
      • Center of Mass
      • Center of Rigidity
    • Reports
    • DXF Export Frame Elevation
    • View DXF File
    • References
  • Analysis - Load Combinations Mode
    • Load Combinations
    • Process - View/Update
    • Process - Results
      • BS5950 Lambda Critical
    • Reports
    • Advanced Analysis Criteria dialog
  • Shear Wall Forces Module
    • Invoking the RAM Shear Wall Forces Module
      • The Section Cut toolbar:
    • Adding Section Cuts
    • Deleting Section Cut
    • Changing Section Cuts
    • List Section Cuts
    • Wall Section Forces Results
    • Results Display
    • Displaying Section Cut Labels
    • Reports
  • Building Codes
    • AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method
      • Direct Analysis Method
      • Load Combinations
      • Implementation Details in RAM Frame - Analysis Mode
    • Story Forces: Wind
      • ASCE 7-16
        • Design Wind Pressures: Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Rigid and Flexible Buildings (Section 27.3-1)
        • Pressure on Parapets (Section 27.3.4)
        • Gust Effects (Section 26.11)
        • Frequency Determination (Section 26.11.2)
        • Design Wind Load Cases (Section 27.3.5)
        • Minimum Design Wind Loads (Section 27.1.5)
      • ASCE 7-10
        • Design Wind Pressures: Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Rigid Buildings
        • Design Wind Pressures: Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Flexible Buildings
        • Pressure on Parapets
        • Minimum Design Wind Loads
        • Natural Frequency
        • Design Wind Load Cases
      • IBC 2006/2009
      • IBC 2003
      • IBC 2000
      • NBC of Canada 2015
      • NBC of Canada 2010
      • NBC of Canada 2005
      • NBC of Canada 1995
      • BS 6399: Part 2: 1997
      • Eurocode EN 1991-1-4:2005
        • Basic Wind Velocity (vb): Section 4.2
        • Mean Wind Velocity (vm(z)): Section 4.3.1
        • Wind Turbulence (Iv(z)): Section 4.4
        • Peak Velocity Pressure (qb(z)): Section 4.5
        • Wind Pressure on Surface: Section 5.1
        • Definition of Reference Height ze in calculation of Wind Pressure we
        • Wind Forces: Section 5.2
        • Structural Factor, cscd: Section 6
        • Eccentric Load Cases
        • Final Remarks about the Implementation
      • Eurocode EN 1991-1-4:2005 UK NA
        • Basic Wind Velocity (vb): Section 4.2
        • Mean Wind Velocity (vm(z)): Section 4.3.1
        • Peak Velocity Pressure (qb(z)): NA.2.17
        • Wind Pressure on Surface: Section 5.1
        • Definition of Reference Height ze in calculation of Wind Pressure we
        • Wind Forces: Section 5.2
        • Structural Factor, cscd: Section 6 & NA.2.20
        • Eccentric Load Cases
        • Final Remarks about the Implementation
      • Eurocode
      • China GB5001-2001
      • AS/NZS 1170.2:2002
      • IS 875-3 (1987)
    • Story Forces: Seismic/Dynamic
      • ASCE 7-16
        • Seismic Base Shear (Section 12.8-1)
        • Calculation of Cs for Site Class D and S1 > 0.2
        • Maximum SDS Value in Determination of Cs and Ev (Section 12.8.1.3)
        • Period Determination (Section 12.8-2)
        • Approximate Fundamental Period (Section 12.8.2.1)
        • Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces (Section 12.8.3)
        • Inherit Torsion (Section 12.8.4.1)
        • Accidental Torsion (Section 12.8.4.2)
        • Amplification of Accidental Torsional Moment (Section 12.8.4.3)
        • Period for Computing Drift (Section 12.8.6.2)
        • P-Delta Effects (Section 12.8.7)
        • Seismic Design Category (Section 11.6)
        • Response Spectra Analysis
      • ASCE 7-10
        • Approximate Fundamental Period: Ta
        • Fundamental Structure Period: T
        • Seismic Base Shear: V
        • Vertical Distribution of Seismic Base Shear
        • Inherit Torsion
        • Accidental Torsion
        • Amplification of Accidental Torsional Moment
        • Minimum Base Shear for Computing Drift
        • Seismic Design Category (Section 11.6)
        • Response Spectra Analysis
      • IBC 2006/2009
      • IBC 2003
      • IBC 2000
      • NBC of Canada 2015
      • NBC of Canada 2010
      • NBC of Canada 2005
      • NBC of Canada 1995
      • China GB5001-2001
      • AS 1170.4-2007
      • IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, 5th Revision
        • Response Spectra Analysis
        • Equivalent Static Method
      • IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016, 6th Revision
        • Response Spectra Analysis
        • Equivalent Static Method
      • EN 1998-1:2004 + A1:2013
        • Design Spectrum for Elastic Analysis (Section 3.2.2.5)
        • Lateral Force Method of Analysis (Section 4.3.3.2)
        • Response Spectra Analysis
    • Live Load Reduction
      • IBC 2000 - 2018
      • BOCA
      • SBC
      • UBC
      • NBC of Canada
      • BS 6399
      • Eurocode
      • Australian / New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1170.1:2002
      • China GB 50009-2001
      • Hong Kong Building Regulation
      • IS 800-07
      • Live Load Reduction in RAM Frame
    • Material Properties
      • Steel Material Properties
      • Concrete Material Properties
    • Section Properties
      • ACI 318 - 99
      • Eurocode 1992-1-1
      • CSA A23.3-94
      • BS8110 Part 1
    • Redundancy Factors
    • Notional Load
    • Wind Tunnel Test Wind Load
  • Technical Notes
    • Finite Element Analysis Library
    • Coordinate Systems
      • Global Coordinate System
      • Local Coordinate System
      • Sloping Framing
    • Sign Convention
      • Applied Loads
      • Member Forces
      • Wall Forces Considering Sloping Framing
      • Wall Group Forces
      • Reactions
      • Displacements
    • Modeling Shear Walls
      • Meshing Walls
      • Walls at Foundation Level
      • Loads Located in Wall Openings
      • Final Remark on Calculating Reactions at Wall Foundation Nodes
      • Remarks on Meshing Walls
    • Member Gravity Loads
      • Load Properties
      • Self-Weight Calculations
      • Self-Mass Calculations
      • Effects of Sloping Framing
      • Loads on Slab Edges
      • Openings and Penetrations
      • Positive Loads, Negative Loads, and Skip Loading
      • Gravity Loads on Walls
      • Penthouse / Mechanical Levels
      • Loads on Stub Cantilevers
      • Partition Loads
      • Eccentric Moments on Walls
    • Element Stiffness Formulations
      • Beam Element Formulation
      • Column Element Formulation
      • Brace Element Formulation
      • Wall Element Formulation
    • Assembly of Stiffness and Mass Coefficients
    • Solution Techniques
      • Static Analysis
      • Dynamic Analysis
      • Eigenvalue Problem
        • Load Dependent Ritz Vectors
        • Arnoldi/Lanczos Eigenvalue Solution
      • Response Spectra Analysis
      • Accidental Torsion in Dynamic Analysis
    • Boundary Conditions
    • Internal Releases
    • Joint Face Distance and Rigid End Zones
      • Joint Face Distance for Beams
      • Joint Face Distance for Columns
      • Effective Lengths and Reduction Factors
      • Loads within Rigid End Zone Lengths
      • Beams Spanning in Rigid End Zones
    • Analysis with Rigid, Semirigid and Pseudo-Flexible Diaphragms
      • Rigid Floor Diaphragms
        • In-Plane Stiffness
        • Sloping Framing Effect
        • User Defined Seismic and Wind Load Cases
        • Analysis with Two-way Decks
      • Pseudo-Flexible Floor Diaphragms
      • Semirigid Floor Diaphragms
        • In-plane Stiffness
        • Eccentric Loading
          • Eccentric Seismic and Response Spectra Load Cases on Semirigid Diaphragms
          • Eccentric Wind Load Cases on Semirigid Diaphragms
        • Wind, Seismic and Response Spectra Load Cases
        • User Defined Seismic Load Cases
        • User Defined Wind Load Case
        • Gravity and Other Load Cases
        • Drift Calculations
        • Sloped Diaphragm Modeling
    • Analysis with Two-way Slabs
      • Diaphragm Out-of-Plane Stiffness
    • Diaphragm Meshing and Loads on Meshed Diaphragms
      • Diaphragm Boundary
      • Hard Node Density Factor
      • Loads on Diaphragms (Physical and Mass Loads)
      • Dead and Mass Loads on Sloped Diaphragms
      • Mesh Control Parameters
      • Closing Remarks on Diaphragm Meshing
    • Eigenvalue Analysis with Meshed Diaphragms: Distributed Mass Idealization
    • P-Delta Effects
      • Non-iterative P-Delta Method
      • Preliminary P-Delta Analysis Method
      • P-Delta Loads
      • Closing Remarks for P-Delta Analysis
    • Analysis with Tension-Only Members
      • Tension-Only Design
    • Analysis with Buckling Restrained Braces
      • Axial Stiffness Modifier
      • Design of Buckling Restrained Braces
      • Generic Buckling Restrained Braces
      • CoreBrace Buckling Restrained Braces
      • Star Seismic Buckling Restrained Braces
      • Braces in Gravity Load Cases Analysis
    • Beams with End Connections
      • Standard Connection
      • Springs Connection
      • Custom Connection
      • Reduced Beam Section (RBS) Connection
      • SidePlate Connection
        • SidePlate Table
        • Analytical Modeling Details
        • Geometric Compatibility
      • DuraFuse Connection
      • Yield-Link Connection
      • Beam Connections with Rigid End Zones
    • Member Offset
    • Modeling of Coupling Beams for Shear Walls
      • Deep Coupling Beams
      • Slender Coupling Beams
      • Moderately Deep Coupling Beams
    • Center of Rigidity Calculation
    • Diaphragm Cross-Section Forces
    • Diaphragm Stiffness Modifiers
    • Construction Stage Analysis
      • Concrete Models for Time-Dependant Material Effects
      • Age Adjusted Effective Modulus (AAEM) Method
      • Creep and Shrinkage Strains in Construction Stage Analysis
      • Linear Principle of Creep Strain Superposition
      • References
    • Analysis of Tilt-up Walls
    • Modeling Beam-Column Intersection by Panel Zone Element and Rigid Links
    • Wind Pressure and Inertia Loads on Wall
    • Limitations of RAM Frame
    • RAM Frame Error Messages
      • Geometry and Modeling Errors and Warnings
      • Load Generation Warning
      • Static Analysis Errors
      • Dynamic Analysis Errors
      • Pseudo-Flexible Diaphragm Warning
      • Semirigid Diaphragm Warning
    • References
  • Reports - Load Cases Mode
    • Report Destination
      • Printer/Screen/Text File/Viewer File
    • Select Cases
    • Model Data
      • Story Data
      • Section Properties
      • Frame Members
      • Gravity Wall and Gravity Column Spring Properties
      • Semirigid Diaphragm Properties
      • Nodes
    • Analysis Log
    • Criteria, Mass and Exposure
      • Criteria
      • Diaphragm Mass Data
      • Story Mass Data
      • Wind Exposure Data
      • Story Gravity Loads Data
    • Pseudo-Flexible Diaphragm Properties
    • Exposure Boundaries
    • Loads and Applied Forces
      • Load Case
      • Applied Diaphragm Forces
      • Applied Story Forces
    • Nodal Loads
      • Nodal Load Case
      • Nodal Load Definition
      • Applied Nodal Loads
    • Merged Loads
    • Gravity Loads
      • Criteria
      • Load Cases
      • Applied Gravity Loads
      • Loading Information - Column Point Loads
      • Loading Information - Beam and Wall Line Loads
      • Loading Information - Beam and Wall Point Loads
    • Gravity Loads (Two-Way Deck)
    • Member Forces
      • Member Information
      • Input Parameters
      • Load Cases
      • Member Forces
    • Wall Group Forces
    • Member Force Summary
    • Member Force Envelope
    • Stresses and Internal Forces Summary
    • Reactions
    • Reactions Envelope
    • Spring Forces
    • Building Story Shear
    • Frame Story Shear
    • Story Displacements
    • Nodal Displacements
    • Periods and Modes
      • Frequencies and Periods
      • Modal Participation Factors
      • Modal Direction Factors
      • Modal Effective Mass Factors
      • %Mass:
      • %SumMass:
      • Mode Shapes
    • Centers of Rigidity
    • Diaphragm Section Forces
    • Redundancy Factors
    • Redundancy Factor Summary
    • ASCE 7 Stability Coefficients
    • Takeoff
    • Print Screen, Preview and Setup
  • Reports - Load Combinations Mode
    • Load Combinations
    • Member Forces
    • Wall Group Forces
    • Member Force Summary
    • Member Force Envelope
  • Reports - Shear Wall Forces Mode
    • Wall Section Forces
    • Wall Section Force Summary
    • Wall Section Force Envelope
  • Steel Postprocessing mode
    • Introduction
    • Steel Standard Provisions Post-Processors
      • Model Status
      • Saving the Model
      • Modes
      • Load Combinations
        • Generated Load Combinations
        • Custom Load Combinations
      • Design Criteria
        • Codes
        • AISC ASD / LRFD Criteria
          • B1 and B2 Factors
          • Sidesway
          • K-Factor
          • Flange Bracing
          • Column Moments
          • Axial Slenderness Limit
          • Joints
            • Material
            • Geometry
            • Forces
            • Optimization
          • Beam with End Connections
        • Eurocode Criteria
          • Sidesway
          • Effective Length (ℓ/L)Factor
          • Flange Bracing
          • Column Moments
          • Joints
          • Reduced Beam Section
        • CAN/CSA S16-01 / S16-09 / S16-14
          • K Factor
          • Flange Bracing
          • Column Moments
          • Axial Slenderness limits
          • Joints
          • Beam with End Connections
        • BS5950
          • Sidesway
          • Effective Length
          • Flange Bracing
          • Design
          • Column Moments
          • Joints
          • Reduced Beam Section
        • Australia AS4100 Criteria
          • Sidesway
          • Effective Length (ke) Factor
          • Flange Bracing
          • Column Moments
          • Joints
          • Reduced Beam Section
        • IS 800-07
      • Assign Menu
        • Columns
          • Size
          • Effective Length Factor
          • Flange Bracing
          • Unbraced Length
        • Beams
          • Effective Length
          • Flange Bracing
          • Unbraced Length
          • Reduced Beam Section (RBS)
        • Horizontal Braces
          • Size
          • Effective Length Factor
          • Flange Bracing
          • Unbraced Length
        • Braces
          • Size
          • Effective Length
          • Unbraced Length
        • Sidesway
        • Sway-Sensitive Design Method (BS5950:2000 Only)
        • Frame Numbers
        • Process Menu
          • Member View/Update
          • Member Code Check
          • Joint View/Update
          • Joint Code Check
        • The Design Process
        • Exiting and Changing Modes
    • Steel Standard Provisions Technical Notes
      • General
        • Steel Design Codes
        • Steel Shapes
        • Load Combinations
        • Sloping Beams
        • Cross Section Classification
        • Torsion
        • Tension Capacity
        • Compression Flange Bracing
        • Major Axis Bracing
        • Minor Axis Bracing
          • Beams - Lu for Axial
          • Beams - Lu for Bending
          • Columns - Unbraced Length
        • User Assigned Unbraced Length
        • Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling
        • Horizontal Braces
        • Column Moments
        • Kinked Column Equivalent Uniform Moment
      • Member Code Check
        • AISC 360 (ASD and LRFD)
          • Direct Analysis Method
          • 2nd Order Analysis
            • 2nd Order Analysis by Geometric Stiffness Method
            • 2nd Order Analysis by Amplified 1st Order Analysis
            • B1 Factor
            • B2 Factor
          • Notional Loads
          • Reduced Stiffness
          • Load Combinations
            • IBC 2009 / IBC 2006 / ASCE 7-05
            • Allowable Strength Design Combinations (ASD)
            • Load and Resistance Factor Design Combinations (LRFD)
          • Direct Analysis Validation Report
          • K-Factor
          • Connector Spacing for Double Angles
          • Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB)
          • Error Messages
        • ASD 9th / LRFD 3rd
          • Load Combinations
            • IBC 2000 / 2003
            • Allowable Stress Design Combinations (ASD)
            • Load and Resistance Factor Design Combinations (LRFD)
          • K-Factor
          • Round Bar Slenderness Limits
          • Design Yield Strength
          • Unbraced Bending Length
          • Connector Spacing for Double Angles
          • Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB)
          • Error Messages
        • BS5950:1990 / 2000
          • Cross Section Classification
          • Load Combinations
          • Non-Sway and Sway Sensitive (BS5950-1:2000)
            • Calculating Sway State per Load Combination
          • Calculating λcr per Load Combination (BS5950-1:2000)
            • Notional Loads in Load Combinations
            • Aligning Notional Load Cases with a Specific Direction
          • Effective Length (BS 5950-1:1990)
          • Effective Length (BS 5950-1:2000)
          • Moment Amplification (BS5950-1:2000)
          • Effective Length Method (2.4.2.7a)
          • Amplified Sway Method (2.4.2.7b)
            • P-Delta
            • Amplified Sway Factor Kamp
          • Design Yield Strength
          • Unbraced Bending Length
          • BS 5950-1:1990
          • Bending Capacity (BS5950-1:2000)
          • Section Capacity (BS5950-1:1990)
          • Section Capacity (BS5950-1:2000)
          • Web Shear Interaction (BS5950-1:2000)
          • Error Messages
            • BS5950-1:2000 Specific
        • CAN/CSAS16-01
          • Load Combinations
          • Effective Length
          • Design Yield Strength
          • Unbraced Bending Length
          • Bending Capacity
          • Section Capacity
          • Connector Spacing for Double Angles
          • Error Messages
        • CAN/CSA S16-09 / S16-14
          • Load Combinations
          • Effective Length
          • Design Yield Strength
          • Unbraced Bending Length
          • Bending Capacity
          • Section Capacity
          • Connector Spacing for Double Angles
          • Single Angles
          • Error Messages
        • EUROCODE
          • Load Combinations
          • Effective Length (ℓ/L)
          • Design Yield Strength
          • Unbraced Bending Length
          • Bending Capacity
          • Elastic Critical Moment
          • Error Messages
        • AS 4100-98
          • Analysis Method
            • Second Order Effects
            • 2nd Order Analysis by Geometric Stiffness Method (P-Delta)
            • 2nd Order Analysis by Amplified 1st Order Analysis
            • δb Factor
            • δs Factor
          • Notional Loads
          • Design Yield Strength
          • Load Combinations
            • AS/NZS 1170
          • Effective Length Ke-Factor
          • Design Assumptions
          • Connector Spacing for Double Angles
          • Error Messages
        • IS 800-07 WSD and LSD
          • Analysis Method
          • Notional Loads
          • Design Yield Strength
          • Load Combinations
          • Effective Length K-Factor
          • Error Messages
      • Joint Code Check
        • Assumptions and Limitations
        • Joint Forces
        • Joint Design
          • AISC –ASD 9th
          • AISC 360, LRFD 3rd
          • BS5950 Part 1 : 1990
          • CAN/CSA S16-01, S16-09, S16-14
          • Eurocode 3: BS EN 1993-1-8:2005
          • AS 4100-98
          • IS 800-07
    • Steel Standard Provisions Reports
      • Code Check Criteria
      • Load Combinations
      • AISC 360 Direct Analysis Validation
        • Design Code
        • Second-Order Analysis
        • Notional Loads
        • Reduced Stiffness
      • Member Code Check
        • AISC
        • Eurocode
        • CAN/CSA S16-01 / S16-09 / S16-14 Member Code Check
        • BS 5950 Member Code Check
        • AS 4100-98 Member Code Check
        • IS 800-07 Member Code Check
      • Member Check Summary
        • Criteria
        • Code Check Criteria
        • Load Combinations
        • Summary Results
      • Joint Code Check
        • Story Number
        • Joint Number
        • Final Design
        • Joint Data and Material Properties
        • Criteria
        • Results
        • Stiffener Design [AISC 9th Only]
        • Web Plate Details [AISC 9th Only]
        • BS5950 – Draft Amend, April 1998 / BS5950-1:2000
          • Final Design
          • Results
          • Stiffener Design
        • Eurocode 3: BS EN 1993-1-8:2005
          • Panel Zone
          • Stiffener Design
        • IS 800-07
      • Member Forces
      • Member Force Summary
      • Member Force Envelope
    • Steel Seismic Provisions Post-Processors
      • Modes
      • Load Combinations
        • Generated Load Combinations
        • Custom Load Combinations
      • Criteria
        • Codes
        • ASD/LRFD Criteria
      • Assign Menu
        • Frame Types
        • Frame Numbers
      • Process Menu
        • Member View/Update
        • Member Code Check
        • Joint View/Update
        • Joint Code Check
        • View/Update Result Icons
      • The Design Process
      • Exiting and Changing Modes
    • Steel Seismic Provisions Technical Notes
      • Load Combinations
      • Code Check
        • Assumptions and Limitations
        • Reduced Beam Section Check
        • AISC 2005/2010/2016 (ANSI 341-05/10/16) – ASD and LRFD
          • Limitations
          • §3.[B1] General Seismic Design Requirements
          • §4.[B2] Loads, Load Combinations, and Nominal Strengths
          • §6.[A3] Materials
          • §8.[D] Members
          • §9.[E3] Special Moment Frames (SMF)
          • §10. [E2] Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF)
          • §11.[E1] Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)
          • §12.[E4] Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)
          • § [E5]. Ordinary Cantilever Column Systems (OCCS) - ANSI 341-10/16 ASD and LRFD
          • § [E6]. Special Cantilever Column Systems (SCCS) - ANSI 341-10/16 ASD and LRFD
          • §13.[F2] Special Concentric Braced Frames (SCBF)
          • §14.[F1] Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
          • §15.[F3] Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
          • §16.[F4] Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF)
        • AISC 2002 (ANSI 341-02) – LRFD
          • Limitations
          • §3. Seismic Design Categories
          • §4. Loads, Load Combinations, and Nominal Strengths
          • §6. Materials
          • §8. Members
          • §9. Special Moment Frames (SMF)
          • §10. Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF)
          • §11. Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)
          • §12. Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)
          • §13. Special Concentric Braced Frames (SCBF)
          • §14. Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
          • §15. Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
        • AISC 1997 – LRFD
          • Limitations
          • §3. Seismic Design Categories
          • §4. Loads, Load Combinations, and Nominal Strengths
          • §6. Materials
          • §8.Columns
          • §9. Special Moment Frames (SMF)
          • §10. Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF)
          • §11. Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)
          • §13. Special Concentric Braced Frames (SCBF)
          • §14. Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
          • §15. Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
          • FEMA 350
            • §2.9 Frame Design
            • §3.5.5 Reduced Beam Section Connections
        • UBC97 – ASD
          • Limitations
          • §2213 – Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings in Seismic Zone 3 and 4
          • §2213.4 Materials
          • §2213.5 Column Requirements
          • §2213.6 Ordinary Moment Frame (OMF)
          • §2213.7 Special Moment Frame (SMF)
        • UBC 1997 – LRFD
          • Limitations
          • §6 Column Requirements
          • §7 Ordinary Moment Frames
          • §8 Special Moment Frames
          • §9 Concentrically Braced Frames
    • Steel Seismic Provision Reports
      • Load Combinations
      • Member Code Check
      • Member Check Summary
      • Joint Code Check
      • Joint Check Summary
  • Drift Mode
    • Introduction
      • Results
    • Using the RAM Frame Drift Control Module
      • Creating Virtual Load Cases
      • Drift Control Analysis
        • Load Pairs
        • View/Update
        • Output Reports
        • Exiting Drift Control Module
    • Technical Notes on Virtual Work Theory
      • Example Problem
    • References
  • Menus: Analysis Mode
    • File menu
      • File - Save
      • File - Export DXF
    • Mode menu
    • Criteria menu
      • General Criteria
      • Story Diaphragm
      • Ground Level
      • Criteria - Redundancy Factor
      • Criteria - Reduced Beam Section
      • Criteria - Star Seismic
      • Criteria - CoreBrace
      • Criteria - SidePlate
      • Criteria - DuraFuse
      • Criteria - Yield-Link
      • Criteria > Construction Stage Analysis > Stage and Duration
      • Criteria > Construction Stage Analysis > Concrete Material Models
      • Advanced Analysis Criteria dialog
    • Assign menu
      • Assign Fixity
      • Assign - Tension Only
      • Assign/Clear Foundation Springs
      • Assign/Clear Wall Base Stiffness
      • Assign Diaphragm Connection to Node
      • Assign Wall Groups
      • Assign - Frame Type
      • Assign - Buckling Restrained Brace
      • Beams with End Connections
        • Standard Connection
        • Springs Connection
        • Custom Connection
        • Reduced Beam Section (RBS) Connection
        • SidePlate Connection
          • SidePlate Table
          • Analytical Modeling Details
          • Geometric Compatibility
        • DuraFuse Connection
        • Yield-Link Connection
        • Beam Connections with Rigid End Zones
      • Assign - Star Seismic
      • Assign - CoreBrace
      • Assign - Stage Number
      • Assign - Concrete Properties
      • Custom DuraFuse Parameters dialog
    • Loads menu
      • Diaphragm Gravity Loads
      • Masses
      • Exposure
      • Pseudo Flexible Diaphragm Properties
      • Load Cases
        • To Define a New Load Case
        • Wind Load Cases
          • ASCE 7-16 / ASCE 7-10 / ASCE 7-05 / IBC 2006/2009 Wind
          • ASCE 7-02 / IBC 2003 Wind
          • ASCE 7-98 / IBC 2000 Wind
          • UBC 94/97 Wind
          • Eurocode ENV1991-2-4:1995
          • Eurocode Wind EN 1991-1-4:2005
          • Eurocode Wind UK NA 1991-1-4:2005
          • BS6399: Part 2: 1997 Wind
          • NBCC 95 Wind
          • NBCC 2005 Wind
          • NBCC 2015 Wind
          • China GB50011-2001
          • AS/NZS 1170.2:2002
          • IS 875: 1987 Wind
          • All Other Building Codes
          • Wind Story Forces dialog
        • Seismic Load Cases
        • Dynamic Load Cases
        • Notional Loads
        • User Defined Load Cases
        • Center of Rigidity Load Case
        • Virtual Load Case Story Forces
        • How to Add a Construction Stage Analysis Load Case
        • How To Change a Load Case
      • Merge Load Cases
      • Construction Stage Analysis dialog
    • Process menu
      • Analyze
      • View/Update
      • Process - Results
        • Applied Story Forces
        • Member Forces/Deflected Shape
        • Member Forces (Load Combination Mode)
        • Member Forces Envelope (Load Case Mode)
        • Building Diaphragm Shears
        • Frame Story Shear
        • Member Force Envelope (Load Combination Mode)
        • Analysis Results Diagrams
        • Analysis Results Diagram (Load Case Mode)
        • Analysis Results Diagram (Load Combination Mode)
        • Reactions
        • Deflected Shape (Load Case mode)
        • Deflected Shape (Load Combination Mode)
        • Stress and Internal Force Contours dialog
        • Mode Shape
        • Drift - At a Point
        • Drift - At Control Points
        • BS 5950 Lambda Critical
        • BS 5950 Lambda Critical At Control Points
        • Redundancy Factors
        • Center of Mass
        • Center of Rigidity
        • Wall Group Forces (Load Case Mode)
        • Wall Group Forces (Load Combination Mode)
    • Reports menu
      • Printer
      • Screen
      • Text File
      • Reports - Analysis Log
      • Reports - ASCE 7 Stability Coefficients
      • Reports - Building Story Shears
      • Reports - Center of Rigidity
      • Reports - Criteria, Mass and Exposure
      • Reports - Exposure Boundaries
      • Reports - Frame Story Shears
      • Reports - Gravity Loads
      • Reports - Loads and Applied Forces
      • Reports - Member Force Summary
      • Reports - Merged Loads
      • Reports - Model Data
      • Reports - Nodal Loads
      • Reports - Periods and Modes
        • Viewer File
      • Reports - Pseudo Flexible Diaphragm Properties
      • Reports - Reaction Envelope
      • Reports - Reactions
      • Reports - Redundancy Factor Summary
      • Reports - Takeoff
      • Reports - Wall Group Forces
      • Complementary Results for Nodes in Semirigid & Pseudo-Flexible Diaphragms
    • View menu
      • View - 3-D
      • View - Plan
      • View - Elevation
      • View - Zoom Full
      • View - Zoom Fence
      • View - Zoom - Zoom In
      • View - Zoom - Zoom Out
      • View - Zoom - Previous Zoom
      • View - Rotate
      • View - Extents
      • View - Members
      • View - Foundations
      • View - Foundation Nodes
      • View - Foundation Springs
      • View - Disconnected Nodes
      • View - Node Numbers
      • View - Nodal Loads
      • View - Brace Points
      • Find dialog
      • View - Toolbar
      • View - Frames
      • View - Status Bar
      • View - Show\Hide Gravity Members
      • View - Show\Hide Frame Numbers
      • View - Show Mesh (Semirigid Diaphragm)
      • View - Show Mesh (Walls)
      • View - Show Diaphragm Slab Edges
      • View - Options
        • View - Options - Pen Colors
        • View - Options - Scale Text
        • View - Options - Save Settings
        • View - Options - Color Scale
    • Window menu
      • Window - Arrange Icons
      • Window - Cascade
      • Window - New Window
      • Window - Tile
    • Help menu
  • Menus: Steel and Drift Modes
    • File
      • File - Save
      • File - Export DXF
      • File - View DXF
      • File - Model Status
      • File - Notes
    • Modes
    • Criteria
      • Codes
      • Sidesway
        • Sidesway - Partially Braced
        • Calculate Lambda Critical Per Load Combination
      • Criteria - B1 and B2 Factors
      • K-Factor/Effective Length
        • ASD / LRFD
        • CAN/CSA-S16-94, S16-01, S16-09
        • BS 5950
          • Sway and Non-Sway Frames
          • Column Effective Length
          • Moment Amplification
        • Eurocode
        • AS 4100-1998
        • IS 800-07
      • Axial Slenderness Limits
      • Flange Bracing
      • Criteria - Design (BS5950)
      • Column Moments
      • Joint Design
        • Material
        • Geometry
          • Assumptions and Limitations
        • Design Forces
        • Optimization
        • Design Approach
      • Criteria - Reduced Beam Section
    • Assign
      • Assign Size
      • Assign Frame Numbers
      • Assign - Beam-K Factor / Effective Length
      • Assign - Brace-K Factor / Effective Length
      • Assign - Column-K Factor/Effective Length
      • Assign - Beam Flange Bracing
      • Assign - Column Flange Bracing
      • Assign - Horizontal Brace Flange Bracing
      • Assign - Beam - Unbraced Length
      • Assign - Braces - Unbraced Length
      • Assign - Column - Unbraced Length
      • Assign - Horizontal Brace - Unbraced Length
      • Assign - Sidesway
      • Assign - Sway-Sensitive Design Method (BS5950:2000)
      • Assign - Beam-Reduced Beam Section
      • Assign Frame Type
    • Load Combinations
      • ASD and LRFD Load Combinations
      • CAN/CSA Load Combinations
      • BS 5950 Load Combinations
      • Eurocode Load Combinations
      • Load Combinations AS 4100-1998
      • IS 800-07 Load Combinations
      • Custom Load Combinations
    • Loads menu
      • Load Pairs
    • Process
      • Steel Standard Provision Mode
        • Member Code Check
          • Member View/Update - Standard Provisions
        • Joint Code Check
        • View/Update Steel Mode - Standard Provisions
        • View Update - Joint View Update
      • Steel Seismic Provision Mode
        • Code Check Steel Mode - Seismic Provisions
        • View Update Member and Joint View Update
      • Drift Control Mode
        • Drift Control - Analyze
        • Drift Control - View-Update
        • Drift Control - Results
    • Reports
      • Printer
      • Screen
      • Text File
      • Viewer File
      • Print Screen
      • Drift Control Mode
        • Reports - Displacement Participation - Single
        • Reports - Participation Summary
        • Reports Displacement/Volume Summary
      • Steel Post Processor Modes
        • Print Preview
        • Reports - Model Data
        • Reports - Code Check Criteria
        • Reports - Load Combinations
        • Reports - Member Forces or Member Code Check
          • Select Frame Numbers
        • Reports - Joint Code Check
        • Reports - Member Check Summary
        • Reports - Joint Check Summary
        • Reports - Star Seismic Summary
        • Reports - CoreBrace Summary
        • Member Force Summary
          • Select Cases
        • Reports - Member Force Envelope
        • Reactions
        • Reports - Reaction Envelope
    • View
      • View - 3-D
      • View - Plan
      • View - Elevation
      • View - Zoom Full
      • View - Zoom Fence
      • View - Zoom - Zoom In
      • View - Zoom - Zoom Out
      • View - Zoom - Previous Zoom
      • View - Rotate
      • View - Extents
      • View - Frames
      • View - Members
        • Display
        • Shrink
        • Labels
        • Fixity
        • Orientation
        • View - Options - Save Settings
      • View - Foundations
      • View - Foundation Nodes
      • View - Disconnected Nodes
      • View - Node Numbers
        • View - Options - Scale Text
      • View - Nodal Loads
      • Options - Show Brace Points
      • View - Options
        • View - Options - Pen Colors
        • View - Options - Save Settings
        • View - Options - Code Check Colors
      • View - Tool Bar
      • Reset Model
    • Help
      • About RAM Frame
      • Technical Support
  • Menus: Shear Wall Forces Mode
    • Assign > Section Cuts menu
      • Add Section Cuts dialog
      • Section Cuts - Delete
      • Section Cuts - Change
      • Section Cuts - List
    • Load Case Member Forces dialog
• RAM Concrete Analysis
  • Introduction
  • RAM Concrete Gravity Analysis
    • Invoking the Concrete Module
    • The RAM Concrete Analysis Status
    • The Toolbars
      • The 3-D Viewer Toolbar
      • The Gravity Analysis Mode Toolbar
    • Mode
      • To design per the IS 456 code
    • Criteria
      • Code
      • Analysis
      • Column Forces
      • Sidesway
      • Effective Length
      • Bracing
    • Assign
      • Assign Column
      • Assign Beam
      • Assign Beam Lines
        • Assign Beam Line Numbers Automatic
        • Assign Beam Line Numbers Manual
    • Process
      • Analyze
      • Results - Finite Element Model Information
      • Results - Vertical Reactions
      • Results - Member Forces
      • Results - Displacements
    • Reports
      • Report Destination
      • Reports
    • View
      • Gravity Loads
      • Beam Lines
      • Beam Line Numbers (only on the toolbar)
      • Model Colors / Design Colors toggle
    • Exiting RAM Concrete Analysis
  • Technical Notes
    • Concrete Design Codes
    • Analytical Model
      • Geometry
      • Model Boundary Conditions
      • Member Fixity Conditions
      • Models with Hanging Columns
      • Models with Offset Beams and Columns
      • Material Properties
        • Concrete Material Properties
        • Steel
        • Other
      • Section Properties
        • Concrete
        • Concrete Beam Torsional Stiffness
        • Steel
        • Other
    • Gravity Loads
      • Load Properties
      • Self-Weight Calculations
      • Effects of Sloping Framing
      • Effects of One Way Slab Deck Orientation
      • Loads on Two-way Slab Deck
      • Loads on Slab Edges
      • Openings and Penetrations
      • Live Load Reduction
      • Live Load Reduction in RAM Concrete
      • Skip Loading
    • Analysis
      • Global Coordinate System
      • Local Coordinate System
      • Element Formulations
      • Wall Openings and Meshing
      • Two-way Slab Deck
      • One-Way Deck
      • Transfer Columns on One-Way and Two-Way Slabs
      • Hanging Columns off One-Way and Two-Way Slabs
      • Transfer Walls on One-Way and Two-Way Slabs
      • Rigid Floor Diaphragm
      • Multiple Diaphragms
      • P-Delta Effects
      • Joint Face Distance and Rigid End Zones
        • Joint Face Distance for Beams
        • Joint Face Distance for Columns
        • Effective Lengths and Reduction Factors
        • Rigid End Zones for Pinned Concrete Beams
        • Fixed End Forces
        • Rigid End Zones in Short Finite Elements
      • Analysis Error Messages
    • Gravity Design Forces
      • Column Gravity Forces
      • Beam Gravity Forces
      • Wall Gravity Forces
    • Deflections
    • References
  • RAM Concept Column and Wall Force Integration
  • RAM Concrete Gravity Analysis Reports
    • General Comments on Reports
    • Concrete Model Data
    • Member Analysis Properties
    • Vertical Reactions
    • Analysis Criteria
    • Beam Load Diagram
    • Beam Line Force Envelope
    • Beam Deflection
    • Column Forces
    • Concept Column Forces
    • Wall Forces
    • Concept Wall Forces
  • RAM Concrete Analysis CONNECT Edition Help
    • Using the RAM Concrete Analysis Mode
    • Mode
    • File
      • Model Status
      • Save
      • Print
      • Print Preview
      • Print Setup
      • File - Notes
      • Exit
    • Criteria
      • Criteria Code
      • Criteria Analysis
        • Torsion Constant Reduction References
      • Concept Column Forces
        • Integrating RAM Concept Column Forces
        • Concept Story Status
        • Concept Column Force Integration Technical Issues
      • Criteria Sidesway
      • Criteria Effective Length Factor
      • Criteria Bracing
    • Assign
      • Assign Size
      • Assign Column Sidesway
      • Assign Column Effective Length Factor
      • Assign Beam Fixity
      • Assign Beam Line Numbers Automatic
      • Assign Beam Line Numbers Manual
    • Process
      • Process - Analyze
      • Process Results Finite Element Information
      • Results - Finite Element Model Information
      • Process Results Vertical Reactions
      • Process Results Member Forces
        • Sign Convention
      • Process Results Displacements
    • View
      • View - Colors
      • View Gravity Loads
      • View Beam Line Numbers
      • View - Members
        • Display
        • Shrink
        • Labels
        • Fixity
        • Orientation
    • Reports
      • Reports - Model Data
      • Reports - Member Analysis Properties
      • Reports - Analysis Criteria
      • Reports - Beam Load Diagram
      • Reports - Beam Line Force Envelope
      • Reports - Column Design Forces
      • Reports - Concept Column Forces
      • Reports Wall Forces
      • Reports - Concept Wall Forces
• RAM Concrete Beam
  • Introduction
  • Design Philosophy, Concepts, and Terminology
    • General
    • Building Codes
    • Beam Design Forces
      • Gravity Forces
      • Lateral Forces
      • Design Envelope
  • RAM Concrete Beam Commands - ACI Design Codes
    • Invoking RAM Concrete Beam
    • RAM Concrete Beam Status
    • Model Notes
    • Concrete Beam Color-Coding
    • The Toolbars
      • The 3-D Viewer Toolbar
      • The Concrete Beam Mode Toolbar
    • Mode
    • Criteria
      • Beam Design
      • Detailing Defaults
      • Deflection Criteria
      • Camber Criteria
    • Assign
      • Size
      • Reinforcement Layout
    • Load Combinations
      • Code Generated Combinations
      • User Defined Combinations
    • Process
      • Design All
      • View/Update
        • View/Update - Longitudinal Reinforcement Tab
        • View/Update - Strain Analysis Tab
        • View/Update - Transverse Reinforcement Tab
        • View/Update - Section/Material Properties Tab
        • View/Update - Deflections Tab
        • View/Update - Design Warnings Tab
      • Deflection Results
      • Copy Design
      • Freeze Beam Line Design
      • Clear Beam Line
    • Reports
      • Report Destination
      • Reports
    • View
      • Beam Lines
      • Beam Line Numbers (toolbar only)
      • Model Colors / Design Colors toggle
    • Exiting Concrete Beam Design Mode
  • RAM Concrete Beam Commands - Other Codes
    • Invoking RAM Concrete Beam
    • RAM Concrete Beam Status
    • Model Notes
    • Concrete Beam Color-Coding
    • The Toolbars
      • The 3-D Viewer Toolbar
      • The Concrete Beam Mode Toolbar
    • Mode
    • Assign
      • Size
      • Reinforcement Layout
    • Load Combinations
      • Code Generated Combinations
      • User Defined Combinations
    • Process
      • Design All
      • View/Update
      • View/Update - Main Reinforcement Tab
      • View/Update - Shear Reinforcement Tab
      • View/Update - Section/Material Properties Tab
      • View/Update - Design Warnings Tab
      • Copy Design
      • Freeze Beam Line Design
      • Clear Beam Line
    • Reports
      • Report Destination
      • Reports
    • View
      • Beam Lines
      • Beam Line Numbers (toolbar only)
      • Model Colors / Design Colors toggle
    • Exiting Concrete Beam Design Mode
  • Technical Notes - ACI Design Codes
    • Symbols
      • Table of Symbols
      • Concrete Modulus of Elasticity
    • Beam Flexural Design
      • Flexural Capacity
      • Reinforcement Area Limits
      • Reinforcement Spacing Limits
      • Calculation of Actual Bar Spacing
      • Development of Reinforcement Bars
      • Bar Splices
      • Flexural Deep Beam Check
      • True Bar Depth Check
      • Unimplemented Code Sections
    • Beam Shear Design
      • Concrete Shear Capacity
      • Shear Reinforcement Capacity
      • Shear Reinforcement Area Limits
      • Shear Reinforcement Spacing Limits
      • Calculation of Actual Bar Spacing
      • Shear Deep Beam Check
    • Beam Torsion Capacity Check
      • Beam Section Torsion Capacity
      • Torsion Capacity Warnings
    • Reinforcement Optimization and Detailing
      • Optimization Objectives
      • Internal Code Checks
      • Bar Selection Criteria
      • Detailing Defaults
      • Transverse Reinforcement
    • Seismic Provisions
      • Frame Type Selection
      • Intermediate Moment Frame
      • Special Moment Frame
    • ACI-318 2002
    • ACI-318 2005
      • Strength Reduction Factor for Axial-Flexure
      • Calculation of Ultimate Section State
      • ACI 318, Chapter 10 Modifications
      • ACI 318, Chapter 21 Modifications
    • ACI-318 2008
      • Modification Factor for Lightweight Concrete
      • Reorganization of Slenderness Provisions
      • Modifications to Seismic Provisions
      • Provisions for Members not Designated as Part of the Seismic-Force-Resisting System
    • ACI-318 2014
    • ACI-318 2019
    • Deflections
    • References
  • Technical Notes - BS8110 Design Code
    • Introduction and Design Philosophy
    • Beam Design Forces
    • Reinforcement Optimization and Design
      • Design for Bending
      • Design for Shear
      • Anchorage and Bond Lengths
  • Technical Notes - CP 65 Design Code
    • Differences between BS8110 and CP65
  • Technical Notes - AS 3600 Design Code
    • Design Philosophy and Methodology
    • Design Code
      • Design for Bending
      • Design for Shear
  • Technical Notes - EN1992 (Eurocode 2) Design Code
    • Design Philosophy and Methodology
    • Design Code
      • Bending
      • Shear
      • Detailing
  • Technical Notes - GB 50010 (Chinese Design Code)
    • GB 50010 Design Code
      • Limitations
      • Design Principles
        • Code Clauses Implemented
  • Technical Notes - CAN/CSA A23.3-10
    • CAN/CSA A23.3-10 Code Rule Selection
    • CAN/CSA A23.3-10 Code Implementation
      • Section 7.4.1.1 Minimum Bar Spacing
      • Section 7.4.1.3 Maximum Bar Spacing
      • Section 7.6.5.2 Maximum Tie Spacing
      • Section 8.4.2 Factored Concrete Strength
      • Section 8.4.3 Factored Reinforcement Strength
      • Section 8.5.1 Design Strength of Reinforcement
      • Section 8.6.2.2 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Ec
      • Section 8.6.4 Modulus of Rupture of Concrete
      • Section 8.6.5 Density of Concrete
      • Section 10.1.2 Plane Sections Assumption
      • Section 10.1.3 Maximum Concrete Strain
      • Section 10.1.5 Tensile Strength of Concrete
      • Section 10.1.6 Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship
      • Section 10.5.1.1 Minimum Reinforcement for Beams
      • Section 10.5.2 (Ductility Check) Limitation of c/d
      • Section 10.6.1 Crack Control Parameter
      • Section 10.6.2 Skin Reinforcement
      • Section 10.9.1 Minimum Reinforcement for Columns
      • Section 10.9.2 Maximum Reinforcement for Columns
      • Section 10.9.3 Minimum Number of Bars for Columns
      • Section 10.10.4 Column Resistance
      • Section 10.10.5 Minimum Reinforcement for Columns
      • Section 11.2.8.1 Minimum Shear Reinforcement Required
      • Section 11.2.8.2 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
      • Section 11.2.9.1 Shear Consideration Due to Torsion
      • Section 11.2.10 Effective Web Width
      • Section 11.3.1 Required Shear Resistance
      • Section 11.3.3 Maximum Shear Resistance by Concrete
      • Section 11.3.4 Shear Resistance by Concrete, Vc
      • Section 11.3.5.1 Shear Resistance by Steel, Vs
      • Section 11.3.6.4 Determination of β and θ
      • Section 11.3.8.1 Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement
      • Section 11.3.8.3 Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement
      • Sections 11.3.9.2 and 11.3.9.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Due to Shear
      • Section 11.3.9.4 Compression Fan Reinforcement
      • Section 11.3.9.5 Anchorage of Longitudinal Reinforcement at End Supports
      • Section 11.3.10.2 Transverse Reinforcement for Torsion
      • Section 11.3.10.3 Reinforcement for Torsion
      • Section 11.3.10.4 Cross Sectional Dimensions to Avoid Crushing
      • Section 11.3.10.5 Determination of εx for General Method
      • Section 11.3.10.6 Longitudinal Reinforcement Due to Torsion
      • Section 12.2 Development of Deformed Bars in Tension
      • Section 12.3 Development of Deformed Bars in Compression
      • Section 12.5 Development of Standard Hooks in Tension
      • Sections 12.11.1 and 12.11.2 Span Detailing
  • RAM Concrete Beam Reports
    • General Comments on Reports
    • Criteria
      • Reinforcement Table and Code
      • Reinforcement
      • Bar Selection
      • Default Detailing
      • Beam Assigned Criteria
    • Load Combinations
    • Beam Design
      • Beam Information
      • Material Properties
      • Top/Bottom Longitudinal Reinforcement
      • Longitudinal Bar Design Details
      • Transverse Reinforcement
      • Transverse Bar Design Details and Torsion Force
      • Deflections
    • Beam Design Summary
      • Support Geometry
    • Deflection Summary
    • Material Take Off
      • Concrete Slab
      • Longitudinal Reinforcement
      • Transverse Reinforcement
      • Concrete
  • RAM Concrete Beam CONNECT Edition Help
    • Using the RAM Concrete Beam Module
      • Concrete Beam Color-Coding
    • Mode
    • File
      • Save
      • Model Status
      • Print
      • Print Preview
      • Print Setup
      • File - Print Options
      • File - Notes
    • Criteria
      • Criteria - Frame Type
      • Criteria - Beam Design
        • Criteria - Beam Design - Reinforcement (ACI Design Codes) (Hide)
        • Criteria - Beam Design - Bar Selection (Hide)
          • Bar Selection Bias (Hide)
        • Criteria - Design Checks/Forces (Hide)
        • GB50010 Beam Design Brief dialog
      • Criteria - Detailing Defaults
      • Criteria - Deflection
      • Criteria - Camber
    • Criteria - BS8110 Design Code
      • Criteria Beam Design - BS8110
        • Criteria - Beam Design - Reinforcement (BS8110 Design Code)
    • Assign
      • Assign - Size
      • Assign - Reinforcement Layout
      • Assign - Reinforcement Layout
      • Assign - Deflection Criteria
    • Combinations
      • Generated Load Combinations
      • Custom Load Combinations
    • Process
      • Process - Design All
      • Process - View/Update
        • Process - View/Update - Longitudinal Reinforcement
          • Longitudinal Bar Set Properties
          • Editing an Existing Bar Set
          • Adding a Longitudinal Bar Set
          • Deleting a Bar Set
        • Process - View/Update Transverse Reinforcement
          • Transverse Bar Set Properties
          • Adding a Transverse Bar Set
        • Process - View/Update - Section/Material Properties
        • Process - View/Update - Design Warnings
        • Process - View/Update - Deflections
      • Process - Results Deflections
      • Process - Copy Design
      • Process - Freeze Design
      • Process - Clear Design
    • Reports
      • Reports - Design Criteria
      • Reports - Load Combinations
      • Reports - Beam Design
      • Reports - Beam Design Summary
      • Reports - Deflection Summary
      • Reports - Material Takeoff
    • View
      • View - Colors
      • View - Beam Lines
• RAM Concrete Column
  • Introduction
  • Design Philosophy, Concepts, and Terminology
    • General
    • Building Codes
    • Column Design Forces
      • Forces Used by RAM Concrete Column
      • Gravity Forces
      • Lateral Forces
      • Design Forces
      • Multiple Story Unbraced Column
    • Columns and Column Lines
    • Bar Patterns and Bar Pattern Groups
    • Column Reinforcement Optimization
      • Longitudinal Main Reinforcements
      • Transverse Reinforcement
  • RAM Concrete Column Menus and Commands
    • Invoking RAM Concrete Column
    • RAM Concrete Column Status
    • Model Notes
    • Concrete Column Color-Coding
      • Model Colors
      • Design Colors
      • Interaction (Load/Capacity) Colors
    • The Toolbars
    • Mode Menu
    • Criteria Menu (ACI Code)
      • Column Design
      • Column Lap Splice
    • Criteria Menu (BS8110, CP65, AS3600 Codes)
      • Column Design
      • Column Lap Splice
    • Assign
      • Assign Column Size
      • Assign Shear Legs
      • Assign Bar Patterns
      • Edit Bar Patterns
    • Load Combinations
      • Code Generated Combinations
      • Custom Combinations
    • Process
      • Design All
      • View/Update (ACI 318)
      • View/Update (BS8110, CP65, AS3600)
      • Copy Column Line
      • Freeze Design
      • Clear Design
    • Reports
      • Report Destination
      • Reports
    • View
      • Column - Assigned Pattern Groups
      • Column - Final Bar Pattern
      • Column - Longitudinal Bars
      • Column - Transverse Bars
      • Colors
    • Exiting Concrete Column Design Mode
  • ACI Technical Notes
    • Symbols and Terminology
    • Concrete Modulus of Elasticity
    • Slenderness
    • Generation of Column Interaction Capacity
    • Shear Design
    • Column Torsion Check
    • Seismic Provisions
      • Frame Type Selection
      • Intermediate Moment Frame
      • Special Moment Frame
    • ACI-318 2008
      • Modification Factor for Lightweight Concrete
      • Reorganization of Slenderness Provisions
      • Modifications to Seismic Provisions
      • Provisions for Members not Designated as Part of the Seismic-Force-Resisting System
    • ACI-318 2014
    • ACI-318 2019
    • References
  • Technical Notes - Other Design Codes
    • BS811 Design Code
      • Known Limitations
      • Design Principles
    • CP 65 Design Code
      • Differences between BS 8110 and CP 65
    • AS 3600 Design Code
    • EN 1992 (Eurocode 2) Design Code
      • Design for combined bending and compression
      • Slenderness
      • Design for shear
      • Detailing provisions
    • GB 50010 Design Code
      • Limitations
      • Design Principles
        • Code Clauses Implemented
    • Technical Notes - CAN/CSA A23.3-10
      • CAN/CSA A23.3-10 Code Rule Selection
      • CAN/CSA A23.3-10 Code Implementation
        • Section 7.4.1.1 Minimum Bar Spacing
        • Section 7.4.1.3 Maximum Bar Spacing
        • Section 7.6.5.2 Maximum Tie Spacing
        • Section 8.4.2 Factored Concrete Strength
        • Section 8.4.3 Factored Reinforcement Strength
        • Section 8.5.1 Design Strength of Reinforcement
        • Section 8.6.2.2 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Ec
        • Section 8.6.4 Modulus of Rupture of Concrete
        • Section 8.6.5 Density of Concrete
        • Section 10.1.2 Plane Sections Assumption
        • Section 10.1.3 Maximum Concrete Strain
        • Section 10.1.5 Tensile Strength of Concrete
        • Section 10.1.6 Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship
        • Section 10.5.1.1 Minimum Reinforcement for Beams
        • Section 10.5.2 (Ductility Check) Limitation of c/d
        • Section 10.6.1 Crack Control Parameter
        • Section 10.6.2 Skin Reinforcement
        • Section 10.9.1 Minimum Reinforcement for Columns
        • Section 10.9.2 Maximum Reinforcement for Columns
        • Section 10.9.3 Minimum Number of Bars for Columns
        • Section 10.10.4 Column Resistance
        • Section 10.10.5 Minimum Reinforcement for Columns
        • Section 11.2.8.1 Minimum Shear Reinforcement Required
        • Section 11.2.8.2 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
        • Section 11.2.9.1 Shear Consideration Due to Torsion
        • Section 11.2.10 Effective Web Width
        • Section 11.3.1 Required Shear Resistance
        • Section 11.3.3 Maximum Shear Resistance by Concrete
        • Section 11.3.4 Shear Resistance by Concrete, Vc
        • Section 11.3.5.1 Shear Resistance by Steel, Vs
        • Section 11.3.6.4 Determination of β and θ
        • Section 11.3.8.1 Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement
        • Section 11.3.8.3 Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement
        • Sections 11.3.9.2 and 11.3.9.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Due to Shear
        • Section 11.3.9.4 Compression Fan Reinforcement
        • Section 11.3.9.5 Anchorage of Longitudinal Reinforcement at End Supports
        • Section 11.3.10.2 Transverse Reinforcement for Torsion
        • Section 11.3.10.3 Reinforcement for Torsion
        • Section 11.3.10.4 Cross Sectional Dimensions to Avoid Crushing
        • Section 11.3.10.5 Determination of εx for General Method
        • Section 11.3.10.6 Longitudinal Reinforcement Due to Torsion
        • Section 12.2 Development of Deformed Bars in Tension
        • Section 12.3 Development of Deformed Bars in Compression
        • Section 12.5 Development of Standard Hooks in Tension
        • Sections 12.11.1 and 12.11.2 Span Detailing
  • RAM Concrete Column Reports
    • General Comments on Reports
    • Criteria
    • Column Design
      • Column Information
      • Material Properties
      • Design Parameters
      • Longititudinal Reinforcement
      • Transverse Reinforcement
      • Torsional Capacity
    • Column Design Summary
    • Material Take Off
      • Longtitudinal Reinforcement
      • Transverse Reinforcement
      • Concrete
  • RAM Concrete Column CONNECT Edition Help
    • Using the RAM Concrete Column Mode
    • File
      • Save
      • File - Model Status
      • Print
      • Print Preview
      • Print Setup
      • File - Print Options
      • File - Notes
    • Criteria
      • Criteria - Column Design
        • Criteria - Column Design - Reinforcement
        • Criteria - Column Design - Bar Selection
        • Design Check/Forces
        • Criteria - Column Design
      • Criteria - Column Lap Splice
    • Assign
      • Assign - Size
      • Assign - Shear Legs
      • Assign - Bar Patterns
      • Assign - Edit Bar Patterns
    • Combinations
      • Generated Load Combinations
      • Custom Load Combinations
    • Process
      • Process - Design All
        • Concrete Column Color Coding
      • Process View/Update
        • Process - View/Update Longitudinal Reinforcement
        • Process - View/Update Reinforcement Transverse Reinforcement
        • Process - View/Update - Material Properties
      • SMF Joint Shear Check
      • Process - Copy Column Line
      • Process - Freeze
      • Process - Clear Design
    • Reports
      • Reports - Design Criteria
      • Reports - Load Combinations
      • Reports - Column Design
      • Reports - Column Design Summary
      • SMF Shear Joint Check
      • Reports - Material Takeoff
    • View
      • View - Column Plan
      • View - Colors
      • View - Column - Assigned Bar Patterns
      • View - Column - Final Bar Pattern
      • View - Column - Longitudinal Bars
      • View - Column - Transverse Bars
• RAM Concrete Wall
  • Introduction
  • Design Philosophy, Concepts, and Terminology
    • General
    • Design Loads
    • Walls
    • Wall Design Groups
    • Wall Panels and Wall Panel Groups
    • Section Cuts
      • Manual Creation of Section Cuts
      • Automattic Generation of Section Cuts
      • Section Cut Conventions
      • Section Cut Local Coordinate System
      • Section Cut Forces
    • Strength Calculations
      • Axial-Flexural Strength
      • Shear Evaluation
    • Bar Pattern Templates
    • Bar Patterns
    • Design Process
      • Reinforcement Generation
      • Reinforcement Optimization
    • Coupling Beams
  • RAM Concrete Wall Commands
    • Criteria
      • Code
      • Design Criteria
      • General Criteria
      • Coupling Beam Criteria
    • Assign
      • Assign Wall Design Groups Dialog
        • Assign Autogenerated Section Cuts Dialog
        • Manually Add Section Cuts
        • Delete Section Cuts Dialog
        • Change Section Cut
        • Assign Hinge
      • Section Cut List Dialog
      • Assign Bar Pattern Templates Dialog
      • Assign Bar Patterns Dialog
      • Assign Manual Reinforcement
      • Assign Wall Panel Priority
      • Assign Wall Panel Clear Cover
      • Assign Wall Panel Reveal Depth
      • Assign Coupling Beams
      • Assign DXF Elevation Numbers
      • Edit Bar Pattern Templates Dialog
    • Load Combinations
      • Code Generated Combinations
      • User Defined
      • Advanced Load Combinations
    • Process
      • Design All
      • View/Update
      • Copy Reinforcing
      • Freeze Reinforcing
      • Clear Reinforcing
  • The View/Update Dialog
    • 3-D View Pane
      • Stress Contours
      • Mesh Options
    • Information Pane
      • Axial/Flexural
      • Shear
      • Reinforcing
      • Boundary Elements
      • Coupling Beams
      • Design Warnings
      • Design Sketch Pane
    • Action/Status
      • Optimize
      • Analyze
      • Update Database
      • Reports
    • Status Bar
  • RAM Concrete Shear Wall Reports
    • Wall Design Group Properties
    • Wall Panel Properties
    • Section Cut Forces
      • Section Cut Forces - Horizontal
      • Section Cut Forces - Vertical
    • Section Cut Segment Forces
  • Getting Started Quickly
    • Basic Design Procedure Steps
    • Detailed Design Steps with Sample RSS Model
  • Tilt-Up Workflow
    • Wall Self-Weight Criteria
    • Modeling Tilt-Up Walls
      • Cracked Factor For Out-Of-Plane Bending
      • Assigning Wall Eccentricity
      • Apply Wall Pressure Loads
    • Analysis of Tilt-up Walls
      • Analysis Criteria
      • Second Order Analysis
      • Service Analysis
    • Design of Tilt-up Walls
  • ACI Technical Notes
    • Design Criteria
    • Clear Cover
    • Reinforcement Spacing Limits
    • Reinforcement Ratio Limits
    • Bar Placement
    • Axial/Flexural Strength
    • Special Boundary Element Check
      • Limiting Neutral Axis Calculation
      • Required Horizontal Extents of Boundary
    • Shear Strength
    • Coupling Beam Design
      • Flexural Strength
      • Shear Strength
      • Transverse Reinforcement
      • Diagonal Reinforcement
    • ACI-318 2014
    • ACI-318 2019
  • BS8110 Technical Notes
    • Design Criteria
    • Axial-Flexural Design
    • Shear Design
      • Assumptions
      • Methodology
    • Serviceability & Detailing Checks
    • Fire Resistance
    • Exposure
  • CP 65 Technical Notes
    • Differences between BS8110 and CP65
  • AS3600 Technical Notes
    • Design Criteria
    • Axial-Flexural Design
    • Shear Design
      • Assumptions
      • Methodology
    • Serviceability & Detailing Checks
    • Fire Resistance
  • Eurocode 2 Technical Notes
    • Axial-Flexural Design
    • Shear Design
    • Detailing and Serviceability Checks
  • GB 50010 Technical Notes
    • Limitations
    • Design Principles
      • Code Clauses Implemented
  • RAM Concrete Wall Menus
    • Criteria menu
      • Code
      • Code Checks
      • General Criteria
    • Assign menu
      • Assign Wall Design Groups
      • Section Cuts
        • Section Cuts - Add Automatically
        • Section Cuts - Add Manual
        • Section Cuts - Delete
        • Section Cuts - Change
        • Section Cuts - List
        • Hinge
      • Assign Bar Pattern Templates
      • Assign Bar Patterns
      • Assign Manual Reinforcement
      • Wall Panel Priority
      • Assign Wall Panel Clear Cover
      • Assign Wall Panel Reveal Depth
      • Assign Coupling Beam dialog
      • Assign Dxf Elevation Group Numbers dialog
      • Edit Bar Pattern Templates
    • Process menu
      • View/Update
        • View/Update - 3D View Pane
          • Mesh Options
          • Stress Contours
        • View/Update - Information Pane
        • View/Update - Design Sketch Pane
        • View/Update - Actions/Status
        • View/Update - Status Bar
        • View/Update - Boundary Elements
      • Freeze Reinforcing
      • Clear Reinforcing
    • View menu
      • Wall Panel Properties
• RAM Foundation
  • Introduction
  • RAM Foundation Menus and Commands
    • Invoking the Foundation Module
    • Checking the Database Status
    • Foundation Status
    • Minimum Information Required by RAM Foundation
    • The Toolbars
      • File Toolbar
      • Assign Toolbar
      • Load Combination Toolbar
      • Process Toolbar
      • View Toolbar
    • Model Notes
    • Criteria
      • Force Criteria
      • Design Criteria
        • Code Tab
        • Design Tab
        • Reinforcement Tab
        • Bar Selection Tab
        • Pile/Pile Cap Tab
      • Optimization Criteria
        • Spread/Continuous Tab
        • Pile/Pile Cap Tab
    • Assign
      • Soil
      • Base Plate Size
      • Geometry
        • Continuous Footings
        • Pile Footings
        • Edit Piles
      • Surcharge
    • Load Combinations
      • Code Generated Combinations
      • User Defined
    • Process
      • Design All
      • View/Update
        • View/Update:Spread Footing
        • View/Update for Continuous Footing
        • Shear and Moment Diagrams
        • View/Update for Pile caps
      • Freeze Design
      • Clear Design
    • Reports
      • Report Destination
      • Reports
    • View
      • Foundation Numbers
      • Foundation Intersections
      • Grids
      • Scale Text
      • Pen Colors
      • Status Bar and Toolbar
    • Performance Issues in RAM Foundation
    • Using the Soil Wizard
      • Overview
      • Creating a Table From a Formula:
      • Creating a Table Based on an Existing Table
      • Creating a Table Using an Empty Form
        • Exiting the Foundation Program
  • 3 Data Processing Within RAM Foundation
    • Legal Framing Configurations in RAM Foundation
      • Spread and Pile Footings
      • Cotinuous Footings
      • Braces and Columns
    • Intersecting Members
    • Intersecting Foundations
      • Case of Two Cotinuous Footings Intersecting
      • Case of Spread
    • Gravity Forces Used by RAM Foundation
      • Forces from RAM Steel
      • Forces from RAM Concrete
      • Force from Material Specific Source
      • Gravity Wall Loads
    • Lateral Forces Used by RAM Foundation
    • Load Cases
      • Gravity and Lateral in the Same Model
      • Adding Dummy Dead and Live Load
    • Load Combinations
      • Gravity Members Only on a Foundation
      • Lateral Members Only on a Foundation
      • Gravity and Lateral Members on the Same Foundation
    • Effect of RAM Modeler on RAM Foundation
      • Gravity Loads
      • Column Sizes
      • Foundation on Floor Types used for Multiple Stories
      • Stepped Foundations
      • The Tolerance Factor for Contigous Foundations
    • Effect of RAM Steel on RAM Foundation
      • Column Sizes
      • Base Plates
    • Effect of RAM Frame on RAM Foundation
      • Column Sizes
      • Lateral Load Cases
  • 4 Technical Notes: ACI 318
    • Concrete Design Codes
    • Table of Symbols
    • Sign Conventions
    • Soil Capacity and Stiffness
    • Reduced Base Plate Dimensions
    • Concrete Modulus of Elasticity
    • Analysis of Spread Footings for Soil Pressure
      • Soil Stress Calculation
      • Spread Footing Coordinate System
      • Self-Weight and Surcharge
      • Footing Eccentricities
      • Forces Used in Analysis
    • Analysis of Continuous Footings for Soil pressure
      • Beam Element Properties
      • Soil Spring Properties
      • Applied Loads
      • Design Forces
    • Analysis of Spread Footings for Stability
      • Overturning Moment
      • Net Uplift
    • Structual Design of Spread Footings
      • One-Way Shear in Spread Footings
      • Two-Way Shear in Spread Footings
      • Flexure in Spread Footings
      • Flexural Reinforcement Capacity
      • Spread Footing Design Example
        • Soil Stress
        • Overturning Safety Factor
        • One-Way Shear Check
    • Structural Design of Continuous Footings
      • One-Way Shear in Continuous Footings
      • Two-Way Shear in Continuous Footings
      • Longitudinal Flexure in Continuous Footings
      • Transverse Flexure in Continuous Footings
    • Spread Footing Optimization
    • Continuous Footing Optimization
    • ACI 318-99
    • ACI 318-02
    • ACI 318-19
    • Analysis and Design of Pile Cap Foundations
      • Concrete Design Code
      • Loading on Pile Cap
      • Initial Pile Cap Thickness
      • Pile Cap Analysis
      • Pile Capacity Checks
      • Beam Shear
      • Column Two-Way Shear
      • Single Pile Two-Way Shear
      • Two-Pile Group Two-Way Shear
      • Flexural Design
      • Designing Pile Caps for Pile Capacity
      • Triangular Pile Caps
      • Example Pile Design Verification
        • Pile Spacing Requirements
        • Maximum & Minimum Pile Forces
        • Check Column Punching Shear
        • Check One-Way Deep Beam Shear
    • References
  • Technical Notes: BS8110
    • Building Codes
    • Concrete Design Code
    • Table of Symbols
    • Sign Conventions
    • Soil Capacity
    • Reduced Base Plate Dimension
    • Concrete Modulus of Elasticity
    • Analysis of Spread Footings for Soil Pressure
    • Analysis of Continuous Footings for Soil Pressure
    • Analysis of Spread Footings for Stability
    • Spread Footing Optimization
      • Beam Shear Capacity
      • Two-Way Shear Capacity
      • Flexural Capacity
      • Reinforcement Development Length
      • Flexural Reinforcement Capacity
      • Reinforcement Distribution in Column Band
    • Structual Design of Continuous Footings
      • Beam Shear Capacity
      • Two-Way Shear Capacity
      • Flexure Capacity
    • Spread Footing Optimization
      • Optimization of Footing Dimensions
      • Optimization of Reinforcement
    • Continuous Footing Optimization
      • Optimization of Footing Dimensions
      • Optimization of Reinforcement
    • Analysis and Design of Pile Cap Foundations
      • Concrete Design Code
      • Initial Pile Cap Thickness
      • Beam Shear
      • Column Two-Way Shear
      • Single and Double Pile Two-Way Shear
      • Flexural Design
      • Example1 Truss Theory - Pile Cap Design Verification
    • References
  • Technical Notes CP65
    • Differences between BS8110 and CP65
  • 7 RAM Foundation reports
    • Spread Footing Design Summary
    • Spread Footing Design
      • Footing Design
      • Loads
      • Concrete Capacity
      • Reinforcement
      • Soil Capacity
    • Pile Load Combination Forces
    • Pile Footing Design Summary
    • Pile Footing Design
    • Material Take Off
      • Concrete
      • Reinforcement
    • Load Combinations
    • Load Combination Forces
    • Load Case Forces
    • General Comments on Reports
    • Foundation Model Data
      • Spread Footing's Geometry/Continuous Footing's Gemometry
      • Spread Footing Material Properties/Continuous Footing Material Properties
      • Spread Footing's Supported Members/Continuous Footing's Supported Members
    • Criteria
      • Code
      • Design Method
      • Soil Definition
    • Continuous Foundation Design Envelope
    • Continuous Foundation Design
      • Footing Design
      • Reinforcement Layout
      • Concrete Capacity
      • Soil Capacity
  • RAM Foundation CONNECT Edition Help
    • RAM Foundation Help Contents
      • Foundation Member Color Coding
        • Indicator Lights on the Status Bar
    • File
      • Exit
      • File - Model Status
    • Criteria
      • Forces
        • Force from RAM Steel Analysis
        • Forces from RAM Concrete Analysis
        • Forces from a Material Specific Source
      • Design
        • Code Tab
        • Design Tab
        • Rebar Selection Tab
        • Reinforcement Tab
        • Pile Cap Tab
      • Optimize
        • Optimization Criteria dialog Spread/Continuous tab
        • Optimization Criteria dialog Pile/Pile Cap tab
    • Assign
      • Soil Properties
        • Soil Table
      • Base Plate
      • Geometry - Spread Footing
      • Continuous - Footing Geometry
      • Geometry Pile Cap
        • Edit Piles
        • Edit Pile Configurations
      • Surcharge
    • Combinations
      • Load Combination Generator
      • Custom Combinations
    • Process
      • Design
      • View Update
        • Continuous Footing - Design Tab
        • Continuous Footing - Material Properties
        • Continuous Footings - Results Tab
        • Spread Footing - Design Tab
        • Spread Footing - Material Properties Tab
        • Spread Footing - Results Tab
        • Pile Cap - Design Tab
        • Pile Cap - Results Tab
        • Pile Cap - Material Properties Tab
        • Pile Cap - Warnings Tab
      • Freeze Design
      • Clear Design
      • User Defined Setting
    • Reports
      • Print
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      • Foundation Model Data
      • Criteria
      • Load Combinations
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      • Material Takeoff
      • Spread Footing Design
      • Spread Footing Design Summary
      • Pile Footing Design
      • Pile Footing Design Summary
      • Pile Combination Forces
      • Continuous Foundation Design
      • Continuous Foundation Envelope
      • Print Screen
    • View
      • Zoom Fence
      • Zoom Full
      • Zoom In
      • Zoom Out
      • Zoom Previous
      • Geometry - Spread Footing
      • Geometry - Continuous Footing
      • Base Plate
      • Surcharge
      • Foundation Number
      • Foundation Intersection
      • Select Grid Systems
      • Scale Text
      • Pen Colors
      • Tool Bar
      • Status Bar
    • Technical Support
• Load Combinations Help
  • Introduction
  • The Load Combination Generator
    • Load Case Symbols
    • Generated Load Combinations
      • Generated Load Combinations
    • Custom Load Combinations
      • Entering Custom Combinations Manually
      • Creating Custom Combinations using Templates
        • Custom Load Combinations
  • Load Combination Templates
    • Template Format
      • ID:
      • NAME:
      • CONTROL1:
      • CONTROL2 and CONTROL5
      • CONTROL3:
      • CONTROL4:
      • Reserve Words
      • COMBINATIONS:
      • Dropping Combinations and Dropping Terms
      • Notional Loads
    • Creating Template Files
      • Copying and Editing Templates
      • Comments in the Template File
      • Testing the New Template
    • Errors
• RAM Structural System Tutorial
  • Introduction
  • RAM Structural System Outline
    • RAM Manager
    • 3-D Viewer
    • RAM Modeler
    • RAM Steel Beam Design
    • RAM Steel Column Design
    • RAM Frame
    • RAM Concrete
    • RAM Foundation
    • Links with Other Programs
  • RAM Manager
    • Model Status Lights
    • Selecting Criteria
      • Live Load Reduction
      • Self-Weight Options
    • Selecting Tables
      • Selecting Units
      • Additional Commands
      • RSS Feeds
  • RAM Modeler
    • Floor Layout Type
    • Grid Layout
    • Concrete Beam and Column Section Properties
    • Concrete Column Layout
    • Concrete Wall Layout
    • Copy Floor Types
    • Concrete Beam Layout
    • Steel Column Layout-Lower Levels
    • Moving and Sloping Columns
    • Steel Beam Layout - Lower Levels
    • Steel Member Layout - Typical Level
    • Steel Joist Layout - Roof
    • Slab Edge
    • Slab Opening
    • Floor Slabs and Deck
    • Story Data
    • Sloping the Roof
    • Construction Grids
    • Defining Loads
    • Applying Loads
    • Steel Beam Size Restrictions
    • Brace Points
    • Web Openings
    • Layout Bracing
    • Assigning Lateral Member Sizes
    • Assign Frame Numbers
    • Frame Fixity
    • Wall Openings
    • Layout Foundations
    • Renumber Members & Data Check
  • RAM Steel Beam Design
    • Selecting a Floor Type
    • Design Codes
    • Design Criteria
    • Design and Investigation
    • Reports
  • RAM Steel Column Design
    • Brace Points and Splice Levels
    • Design Criteria
    • Column Design and Investigation
    • Copy and Clear User Sizes
    • Reports
  • RAM Frame - Analysis
    • RAM Frame Basics
    • General Analysis Criteria
    • Diaphragm Criteria
    • Ground Level
    • Redundancy Factors
    • Assign Menu Options
    • Mass and Exposure
    • Wind Load
    • Seismic Load
    • Analysis
    • View/Update
    • Member Forces
    • Deflected Shape
    • Mode Shape
    • Drift
    • Reports
    • Load Combinations
  • RAM Frame - Shear Wall Analysis Module
    • Section Cuts
    • Reports
  • RAM Frame Steel - Standard Provisions
    • Design Criteria
    • Member Code Check - Standard Provisions
    • Joint Code Check - Standard Provisions
    • Reports - Standard Provisions
  • RAM Frame Steel - Seismic Provisions
    • Assign Frame Type
    • Member Code Check - Seismic Provisions
    • Joint Code Check - Seismic Provisions
    • Reports - Seismic Provisions
  • RAM Frame - Drift Control
    • Defining Virtual Load Cases
    • Defining Load Pairs
    • Reports
  • RAM Concrete Analysis
    • Assign Beam Line Numbers
    • Analysis Criteria
    • Other Criteria
    • Gravity Analysis
    • On-Screen Results
    • View Options
    • Reports
  • RAM Concrete Beam
    • Beam Design Criteria
    • Detailing Defaults
    • Load Combinations
    • Design All and View/Update
    • Concrete Beam Deflection
    • Copy Design
    • Reports
  • RAM Concrete Column
    • Column Design Criteria
    • Assign Bar Patterns
    • Design All and View/Update
    • Copy Design
    • Reports
  • RAM Concrete Shear Wall
    • Concrete Shear Wall Criteria
    • Wall Design Groups
    • Assign Section Cuts
    • Create and Assign Bar Pattern Templates
    • Manual Reinforcement and Special Boundary Elements
    • Generate Load Combinations for Design
    • Design Wall Design Group 1
    • Modifying the Design
  • RAM Foundation
    • Optimization Criteria
    • Assign Soil Capacity
    • Assign Base Plate Sizes to Lateral Columns
    • Assign Geometry
    • Assign Surcharge
    • Assign Pile Geometry
    • Load Combinations
    • Design All and View/Update
    • Reports