Getting Started
Introduction
Comparing with traditional methods
RAM Concept options
Strip Wizard
Structural systems
Learning RAM Concept
Tutorials
Critical Chapters
Know your building code
Upgrading Old Files
Technical support
Looking at the Workspace
About the workspace
Creating and opening files
Starting a new file
To start a new file
To start a new file from a template
Opening an existing file
Saving a file
To save and name a file for the first time
To save any open file
To save a file as a template
Saving a copy of a file with a new name or location
Reverting to a backup copy
Restoring an auto-save file
About templates
Expanding tool buttons
Rearranging toolbars
Using the right mouse button
Undoing changes
Understanding Layers
Modeling with objects
Managing layers
Determining which plans contain objects
Using Plans and Perspectives
Using plans
Creating new plans
Viewing perspectives
Setting the projection
Selecting the modeling
Rotating the model
Creating new perspectives
Controlling views
Zooming to magnify or diminish
To magnify or diminish the view with the mouse wheel button
To magnify a specific area in the view
Panning to reposition
To reposition the view with the mouse wheel button
To reposition the view with a tool
View History
Regenerating
Setting the visible objects
To show or hide objects on a plan or perspective
Changing colors, font, and line type
To set the appearance scheme for a plan or perspective
To create a new appearance scheme
To delete an appearance scheme
To set a new default scheme
To change the colors in an appearance scheme
Changing font size
Changing font scale
Setting up the grid
To make the grid visible for a plan
To change the grid settings for a plan
Drawing and Editing Objects
Precision drawing with snaps
Drawing objects
Entering coordinate points
Using relative coordinates
Selecting objects
To select an object or group of objects
To select only a single object
Deselecting objects
To deselect an object or group of objects from a selection
To deselect only a single object from a selection
Filtering selected objects
Cutting, copying, and pasting objects
To cut objects
To copy objects
To paste objects from the clipboard
Copying and pasting objects by layer
To append objects to the layer clipboard
To paste objects from the layer clipboard
Editing polygon objects
To add a node to a polygonal object
To delete a node from a polygonal object
Moving, rotating, stretching, and mirroring objects
To move a selection
To stretch the selection
To rotate a selection
To mirror the selection
Using the Utility tool to move and stretch
To move an object by one of its grips
To stretch an object by one of its grips
Manipulating the model as a whole
To move the entire model
To rotate the entire model
To mirror the entire model
To scale the entire model
Editing object properties
Setting default properties
Adding reference lines, dimensions, and text notes
To draw a line
To draw a dimension line
To draw text
Viewing Objects in Text Tables
Customizing tables
Choosing which rows and columns to show
Sizing table columns
Sorting table rows
Choosing Units
About units
Selecting units
Selecting the default units
Changing the units
Specifying report as zero
Choosing Sign Convention
Selecting sign convention
Default sign convention
Changing the sign convention
About plot sign convention
Modeling
Specifying Material Properties
Viewing the available materials
Material properties
Concrete Mix
PT Systems
Reinforcing Bars
SSR Systems
Adding and deleting materials
To add materials
To delete materials
About post-tensioning systems
Selecting Design Rules
Using rule set designs
Rule set design properties
Types of active rules
Adding and deleting rule set designs
To add a rule set design
To delete a rule set
Defining the Structure
Using the Mesh Input Layer
About columns and walls
Column properties
General column properties
Meshing column properties
Live load reduction column properties
Drawing columns
To draw a column
To copy columns from below to above
Wall properties
Drawing walls
To draw a wall
To copy walls from below to above
About point and line supports
Point support properties
Drawing point supports
Line support properties
Drawing line supports
About springs
Point spring properties
Drawing point springs
Line spring properties
Drawing line springs
Area spring properties
Drawing area springs
About floor areas and members
The priority method
Meshing beams as slabs
Slab area properties
Drawing slab areas
About beams
Beam properties
Drawing beams
To draw a beam
To define mitered corners on a beam
Slab opening properties
Drawing slab openings
Checking the structure definition
Generating the Mesh
Generating the mesh automatically
Deciding what mesh element size to use
Limitations of the automatic meshing
To avoid mesh warnings
Viewing the finite element mesh
Improving the mesh
Selectively refining the mesh
Using point and line supports to refine the mesh
Manually Drawing the Finite Elements
Using the Element layer
About column elements and wall elements
Column element properties
Drawing column elements
To draw a column element
To copy columns from below to above
Wall element properties
Drawing wall elements
To draw wall elements on slab elements
To draw wall elements where there are no slab elements
To copy walls from below to above
About point and line supports
Point support properties
Drawing point supports
Line support properties
Drawing line supports
About springs
Point spring properties
Drawing point springs
Line spring properties
Drawing line springs
Area spring properties
Drawing area springs
About floor areas
Slab element properties
Drawing the slab elements
To draw a rectangular slab mesh area
To draw a polygon slab mesh area
To draw a single mesh element
A few final words
Defining Design Strips
Definition of a design strip
Design strip terminology
Understanding how a design strip works
The design strip process
Span segment properties
Creating span segments
Generating span segments automatically
Drawing span segments manually
To draw a single span segment
To draw multiple span segments
Creating span segment strips (design strips)
To generate span segment strips
To generate some span segment strips
Defining span segment widths and strip widths manually
Defining span segment boundaries manually
Defining strip boundaries manually
BS8110 Clause 3.7.2.9
Cross Section Trimming
About cross section trimming
About shear core
Shear core in slabs
Viewing a perspective of design strip cross sections
Single Cross Section Trimming
Selecting cross section trimming
Inter Cross Section Slope Limit Trimming
Improving the mesh
Additional design strip information
Irregular column layouts
Design Strip Skew Angles
Effect of tendon components on design strip cross sections
Examples of irregular grids
Drawing design strips near walls
Changing from PT to RC design
Miscellaneous tips
A final word on design strips
Defining Design Sections
Using design sections
Design section properties
Drawing design sections
About ignore depths
When to use ignore depths
Examples of concrete form that should use ignore depth
Effect of ignore depth on reinforcement location
A final word on design sections
Defining Punching Shear Checks
About punching shear checks
Punching shear check properties and options
General
Ancon Shearfix Parameters
AS3600 specific options
BS 8110/EC2 specific options
Drawing punching shear checks
A final word on punching shear checks
Drawing Reinforcement Bars
Reinforcement bar definitions
About User and Program Reinforcement
Reinforcement object types
Reinforcement properties
Transverse Reinforcement properties
About drawing reinforcement
Expected workflows
Drawing concentrated reinforcement
Drawing concentrated reinforcement
To draw concentrated reinforcement #2
Drawing concentrated reinforcement in two directions
Drawing distributed reinforcement
Drawing distributed reinforcement
To draw distributed reinforcement #2
To draw distributed reinforcement #3
Drawing transverse reinforcement
Drawing transverse reinforcement
Concentrated and distributed reinforcement drawing examples
Transverse reinforcement drawing examples
Other reinforcement plan tools
The Orient Reinforcement tool
The Skew Reinforcement Extent tool
Auto Hook tool
Layout and Detailing Parameters
Reinforcement Text Formatting
Concentrated and distributed reinforcement callouts
Transverse reinforcement callouts
SSR Callout
Examples of reinforcement text formatting
About SSR callouts and SSR rails:
Defining Tendons
Tendon definitions
Post-Tensioning terminology and definitions
Using the latitude and longitude prestressing folders
Tendon Parameters Layer
Tendon Parameters object types
Banded Tendon Polyline and Distributed Tendon Quadrilateral Properties
Distributed Tendon Overlap and Tendon Void Properties
Profile Polyline Properties
Jack Region Properties
Tendon Parameters Group
Viewing the Tendon Parameters Group
Manual Tendon Layer
Tendon properties
About creating tendons
All tendon definition done on the tendon parameters layers
Most tendon definition done on the tendon parameters layers
All work done on manual tendon layers
Drawing banded tendon polylines
Drawing distributed tendon quadrilaterals
Defining profiles for banded tendon polylines and distributed tendon quadrilaterals
Drawing Profile Polylines
Defining profile polylines using the Generate Profile Polylines tool
Defining span polylines using the Generate Span Polylines tool
Other tendon parameter plan objects and tools
Drawing Tendon Voids
Drawing Jack Regions
Split banded tendon polyline tool
Split profile polyline tool
Generate program tendons tool
Tendon parameter drawing examples
Tendon parameter drawing and text formatting
Banded tendon polyline formatting options
Distributed tendon quadrilateral formatting options
Optimization parameters for tendons
About drawing individual tendons
Drawing single tendons
Drawing a half-span tendon
Drawing a full-span tendon
Drawing a multi-span tendon with the tendon polyline
Drawing multiple tendons
Tendon panel layout options
To draw a Half-Span Tendon Panel
To draw a Full-Span Tendon Panel
Editing tendons
Calc profile tool
Change profiles tool
About jacks
Jack properties
Drawing the jacks
Designing and Optimizing Post-tensioning
What does RAM Concept ’s optimization achieve?
What doesn’t RAM Concept ’s optimization achieve?
How does the optimization work?
Optimizable Objects
Banded Tendon Polyline
Distributed Tendon Quadrilateral
Profile Polylines
Optimization Regions
The Optimization Process
Defining Tendons and Profile Polylines
Setting Optimizable Properties
Defining Optimization Regions
Starting an Optimization
Saving Optimization Data
Monitoring a Running Optimization
How Optimization Achieves Better Designs
Slab Thickness Comparison Analysis
Using Strip Wizard
Starting Strip Wizard
Specifying general parameters
Entering span data
One-way and two-way systems
Beam systems
Joist systems
Entering support data
Support (above and below) properties
Adding drop caps and drop panels
Drop cap and drop panel properties
Entering the loads
Load properties
Specifying the post-tensioning
General PT information
Balance load
Profiling
Specifying reinforcement
Reinforcing bar
Reinforcement clear cover
Punching shear checks
Completing Strip Wizard
Generating the mesh and calculating results
Loading and saving Strip Wizard settings
To load strip wizard settings
To save Strip Wizard settings
Loading
Specifying loadings
About default loadings
Viewing the loadings
Loading properties
About loading types
Available loading types
About assembly loads
About Transfer Loading Types
Changing Loading Types
Changing Analysis
Adding and deleting loadings
To add a loading
To delete a loading
About load pattern
How load patterns work
When to use load pattern
How load pattern can approximate moving loads
Specifying Load Combinations
About default load combinations
Viewing the load combinations
Rebuilding load combinations
Adding and deleting load combinations
To add a load combination
To delete a load combination
Load combination properties
About group load combinations
About alternate envelope factors
Example of Alternate Load Factors
Summary of load combination types
Drawing Loads
About self-weight
About superposition of loads
Point load properties
Drawing point loads
Line load properties
Drawing line loads
Standard line load
Perimeter line load
Area load properties
Drawing area loads
Copying loads
Temperature Area Load properties
Drawing temperature area loads
Shrinkage Area Load Properties
Drawing shrinkage area loads
Creating Pattern Loading
Deciding how many load patterns to use
Drawing load patterns
Load pattern filtering
Effect of mesh on load pattern
Using Live Load Reduction
About Live Load Reduction
Live Load Reduction Options
Setting the Live Load Reduction Code
Live Loading Types
Live Load Reduction Parameters
Specifying Live Load Reduction Parameters
Implementation of Live Load Reduction
Working with External Programs
Using a CAD Drawing
Importing, verifying and viewing a drawing
Importing a CAD file
Checking the imported information
Making the drawing visible on other plans
Importing a Database from the RAM Structural System
What can be imported from the RAM Structural System
Controlling which concrete members are imported
Definition of the import perimeter
About load importation
Importing a database
Reimporting a database
Resolving loading conflicts
To reimport from the RAM Structural System
Limitations, Defaults and Assumptions
Limitations
Defaults
Assumptions
Tight integration with the RAM Structural System
Data Transfer from STAAD
STAAD Interface
RAM Concept Interface
Data Transfer Paths
New file options in RAM Concept
Update file options in RAM Concept
Data Transfer from ISM
What is ISM?
Purpose
ISM and Application Data
ISM Sync Tools Overview
Create ISM Repository
Create RAM Concept File
Update ISM Repository
Update RAM Concept Model
Import and Export Details
Filtering
The ISM Model
Slabs and Openings
Importing ISM Slabs to RAM Concept
Exporting RAM Concept slabs to ISM
Small Features
Slab Modeling Guidelines
Support Members
Importing ISM Support Members to RAM Concept
Exporting Concept Support Members to ISM
ISM Section Shapes
ISM Load Cases and Loads
Member Loading
Rebar
Exporting RAM Concept Rebar to ISM
Importing ISM Rebar into Concept
ISM Options dialog
Data Transfer from API
Bentley iTwin Services Features
What is iTwin Design Review?
Applications of iTwins Design Review
Starting an iTwin Design Review Session
Bentley CONNECT Features
CONNECTED Project Association
To Associate a CONNECTED Project with Your File
To Disassociate a CONNECTED Project from a File
Assign Project dialog
Register a CONNECTED Project
Bentley CONNECT Advisor
Automated Updates via the CONNECTION Client
Subscription Entitlement Service
Exporting Plans and Tables
Exporting a plan
Selecting the text size
Exporting a table
Exporting a Database to the RAM Structural System
About the export of reactions
Special handling of the Self-Dead Loading and the Balance Loading during export
Special handling of the Partition Loading during export
The export of reactions process
About export reactions access and consistency checking
Checks performed before choosing export stories
Checks performed after choosing export stories
Using RAM Concept reactions in RAM Concrete
How the RAM Structural System - RAM Concept link works
About the export of geometry
About errors and ambiguities
Results and Output
Calculating Results
Calculating the results
Calculating all of the results
Partially calculating the results
Calculation options
General options
Code options
Zero tension iteration options
Reinforcement layout and detailing parameters
Load History / ECR tab
Vibration options
About analysis errors
Recalculating
Calculating load history deflections
Calculating vibration analysis
Reviewing the calc log
To open the Calc Log
To open the Load History Calc Log
To open the Vibration Calc Log
Decreasing calculation time
Viewing the Results
Type of results
Viewing frequently used results
Viewing reinforcement results
To view reinforcement
To view longitudinal direction bottom reinforcement
To view a reinforcement plot
Viewing status
Viewing deflections
To view service deflection
To view the strip-based long term deflection for ACI318 or BS8110
To view the strip-based long term deflection for AS3600
To view the strip-based long term deflection for EC2
Viewing support reactions
To view self-weight reactions
To view live load reactions
To view dead load reactions
To view factored load reactions
Viewing post-tensioning precompression (P/A)
Viewing balanced load percentages
Viewing bending moment contours
Viewing section stresses
To view the strip-based initial top stresses
To view the strip-based initial bottom stresses
To view the strip-based service top stresses
To view the strip-based service bottom stresses
Viewing punching shear results
To view the punching shear SSR
Viewing live load reduction results
To view the latitude design strip LLR results
Viewing soil bearing pressures
To view service soil bearing pressure
Viewing other results
Changing which result objects are visible
Changing which results plot
Creating new result plans
Creating a new bending moment plan
Creating a new reactions plan
Creating a new precompression plan
Section distribution plots
Distribution plot values
Moment distribution plots
Shear distribution plots
Axial force distribution plots
Selected distribution plots
Effects of averaging
Summary
Miscellaneous results information
Top and bottom longitudinal reinforcement
Reinforcement bar lengths
Orientation of reinforcement
Shear reinforcement
Punching Shear Results
Plotting Results
Setting the plotted results
Slab
About slab plotting contexts
Max and Min context slab plot limitations
Reaction
Strip
Section Analysis
Section Design
About section design context plots
About skyline plots
Punching Analysis
Punching Shear Results
Vibration Analysis
Vibration Results
Plot Animation Controls
Playing the Animation
Difference Plot Controls
Using the Auditor
How the Auditor can assist the design process
About the three design steps
About the information displayed by the Auditor
Using the Auditor
To use the Auditor for the design summary
Using the Auditor for guidance on post-tensioning
About the information displayed by the Punching Check Auditor
Using the Punching Check Auditor
To use the Auditor for the design summary
Using the Report Viewer
Using the Report Viewer
Collapsing Sections
Searching for Text
Saving Reports
Saving One Report
Saving All Reports
Opening Previously Saved Reports
Printing Reports
Using the estimate
Viewing the estimate
What the estimate calculates
Editing the unit costs
About unit costs
Printing
Basic printing instructions
To print the report
General printing options
Printer selection
Page range
Number of copies
Printing to PDF
Select and Configure Printer options
To change the print setup options
Printer selection
Paper size and source
Default orientation
Margin size
Determining the fit of plans
To specify the print scale
To specify the printed area on the plan
To specify the printed area with coordinates
Printing the desired perspective viewpoint
To show the set print viewpoint on screen
Previewing the print job
To preview the active window print job
To preview the report print job
Zooming
Viewing multiple pages at once
Paging through the print job
Printing optimizations
Customizing page orientation
Customizing the printed appearance of plans and perspectives
Changing the report contents
Including items in the report
Reordering report items
Additional Information
General Tips
Beams
Walls
Drawing connecting walls
Walls above
The difference between walls above and upstand beams of similar proportions
Restraint
Miscellaneous
Templates
Adding plans
Copying and moving objects
Expanding tool buttons
The Utility tool
Left Wall and Right Wall tools
Changing multiple tendon profile points
Plotting Results
Reducing the information shown on plans
Load balancing
The Auditor
Frequently Asked Questions
Capabilities and Modeling
Files
Plans and perspectives
Units
Codes
Sign Conventions
Structure
Mesh Input layer
Element layer
Columns
Walls
Mats (rafts)
Tendons
Loadings
Lateral Self Equilibrium Example
Analysis
Design Issues
Results
Reactions
Plots
Torsion
Envelopes
Reinforcement
AS3600 specific reinforcement questions
BS8110 / TR43 specific reinforcement questions
Punching Shear
Shear reinforcement (one-way)
Deflection
Soil bearing
Performance
Warnings and Errors
To show an object number
Meshing
Two or more slab areas or beams with the same priority overlap at (x,y)
Two or more beam areas overlap with conflicting stiffnesses at (x,y)
Vertical gaps in beam elevation at (x,y)
Different concrete mixes specified at (x,y)
Line is too short at (x,y)
Feature eliminated at (x,y)
Recursion too deep
An error has been found. Two column elements below the slab are at the same location. Delete column element #a or #b.
An error has been found. A column element below the slab is not attached to the slab. Revise column element #a (below the slab)
It is good modeling practice to connect wall centerlines. Click on the Fix button to move wall endpoints to a nearby centerline
Loads
An error has occurred while assembling the load vector. A point load is not on the slab. Revise point load #a.
An error has occurred while assembling the load vector. A line load is not totally on the slab. Revise line load #a.
An error has occurred while assembling the load vector. A tendon is not totally on the slab. Revise the tendon at #a.
An error has occurred while assembling the load vector. An area load is not on the slab. Revise area load #a.
Tendons
Tendon #a has a radius (b) that is less than the minimum allowable (c).
Tendon #a is harped, and hence violates the minimum allowable radius (b)
Tendon #a is a simple parabola, and hence violates the minimum allowable radius (b)
Cannot auto-position profile point at (x,y) due to profile point value
Cannot auto-position the profile elevation for tendon (a) at (b) because the tendon represents a partial half span
An error has occurred while trying to calculate a profile. A profile point is not on the slab. Click on the Fix button to correct the profile point at (x,y).
Tendon is not on slab at (a).
Tendon elevation conflict at (a) (Profile Point above slab soffit step?)
An error has occurred while trying to calculate a profile. A profile point is not within the slab (vertically). Adjust the profile at (x,y).
An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon profiles. A tendon is out of the slab at (x,y).
An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon effective stresses. A tendon has a different number of strands than an adjacent tendon. Investigate tendon #a.
An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon effective stresses. Two connected tendons have inconsistent half span ratios. Revise tendon #a.
An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon effective stresses. Two connected tendons have different post-tensioning systems. Revise tendon #a.
An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon effective stresses. A tendon is not connected to any jacks. Investigate tendon #a. [If any tendons are stressed then all tendons must be stressed.]
An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon effective stresses. A tendon is stressed by two jacks with different wobble friction coefficients/with different angular friction coefficients/with different long-term losses.
An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon effective stresses. A tendon is connected with other tendons in a circular fashion. Revise tendon (a)
An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon effective stresses. A tendon is jacked to a stress higher than its yield stress. Revise the jack connected to tendon #a
An error has occurred while trying to stress a tendon. There are no tendons at a jack/There are multiple tendons at a jack. Investigate jack #a
Load History Deflections
An error has been found while calculating load history deflections. The floor may have incomplete design strip/cross section coverage to accurately calculate load history deflections. The slab coverages are a and b in orthogonal directions
Optimization
Miscellaneous
An error has occurred while triangularizing the stiffness matrix. The structure is unstable at (a). Revise the structure.
An error has occurred: (a) has horizontal loads, but the structure is automatically stabilized in the X and Y directions
The code rules selected in Rule Set Service (Sustained Service / Max Service) do not appear compatible with the load factors in the load combinations using the rule set. This is likely an error.
Load Combination Service (Sustained Service / Max Service) has unusual balance and / or hyperstatic load factors. This is likely an error.
Rule Set Strength Design is being used by load combinations that appear to have load factors set for different purposes. This is likely an error.
The mat / raft is likely unstable. There is less that 25% contact area.
Punching Check #a is not located at a column
Too many slab shapes intersecting the column shape at (x,y)
An error has been found. The cross section trimming for strip ab-c has caused there to be no concrete remaining at one or more locations.
An error has been found. [Design strip] ab-c has reinforcing bars with too much cover (the bottom bar is closer to the top than the top bar).
A cross section in design strip ab-c has no shear core
A cross section in design strip ab-c has a very small shear core
ab-c contains user transverse reinforcement but has multiple shear cores. Shear/torsion calculations may be approximate
ab-c contains user reinforcement that is not within the primary (largest) shear core. This transverse reinforcement will be ignored
An error has been found. ab-c contains multiple user transverse rebar regions
Warnings and Errors Management Tool
To launch the warnings and errors management tool
Using the warning and error tool to find and resolve problems
Hiding and Unhiding Individual Warnings or Errors
Filtering Warnings and Errors by Type
Technical Reference
Analysis Notes
Review of plate behavior
In-plane and out-of-plane behavior
In-plane behavior
Out-of-plane behavior
Interaction of in-plane and out-of-plane behavior
RAM Concept plotting and relevant axes
Finite element analysis
About finite element analysis
Finite element formulation used in RAM Concept
Slab element general properties
Orthotropic behavior
K Factors and Instability
Interaction of in-plane and out-of-plane stiffnesses
Deep beam considerations
Analysis of slab and beam elements
Analysis and design of deep beams for bending moment and shear
Analysis and design of deep beams with transverse bending moments
Analysis of deep beams with torsion
Analysis and design of moment transfer through step-beams
Wall behavior
Walls above slab
Post-tensioning loadings
Hyperstatic loading
Self-equilibrium analysis
About self-equilibrium analysis
Uses of Self-Equilibrium Analyses
Using Self-Equilibrium Analyses
Self-Equilibrium Analyses Details
Design strip and design section forces
Design section axes and sign convention
Design strip segment axes and sign convention
Design centroids
Calculating the forces on the cross section
Calculating the balanced load percentages
Using the Don't Reduce Integrated M and V due to Sign Change option
Result categories in RAM Concept
Standard results
Envelope results
How RAM Concept calculates envelope results
Section Design Notes
General Design Approach
Strip and Section Design – A 3 Step Process
Non-prestressed Reinforcement Stress-Strain Curves
Post-tensioning Material Stress-Strain Curves
Relationship of Bonded Post-tensioning Strains to Cross-Section Strains
Unbonded Post-tensioning Stress-Strain Curves – General Theory
Unbonded Post-tensioning Stress-Strain Curves – Program Implementation
Tendons – External Load or Internal Force?
Tendons – inclusion of force vector on a cross section
Tendons – calculation of number of ducts
Concrete Stress-Strain Curves
Creep and Shrinkage Effects
Cracked Section Analyses
Branson’s Stress Ratio
Calculation of Effective Curvature Ratio
Use of ECR
Crack Width Predictions
Cracking Moment Used in Design Calculations
Concrete “Core” Determination
Torsion Considerations
Wood-Armer Torsion Design
Live Load Reduction Notes
Live Load Reduction for Loadings, Load Combinations and Rule Sets
Loadings
Load Combinations and Rule Sets
Tributary Area Calculations
Influence Area Calculations
Example of Influence Areas
ASCE-7 2002 Live Load Reduction
ASCE-7 2010 Live Load Reduction
ASCE-7 2016 Live Load Reduction
IBC 2003 Live Load Reduction
IBC 2006 Live Load Reduction
IBC 2009 Live Load Reduction
IBC 2012 Live Load Reduction
IBC 2015 Live Load Reduction
UBC 1997 Live Load Reduction
AS/NZS 1170.1-2002 Live Load Reduction
BS 6399-1:1996 Live Load Reduction
IS 875 (Part 2) - 1987 Live Load Reduction
Eurocode 1-2002 (UK Annex) Live Load Reduction
National Building Code of Canada 2005 Live Load Reduction
Mat Foundations
Special Member Considerations
Columns Above the Slab
Columns Above and Below the Slab
Reinforcement Notes
Span detailing
About Concept’s detailing calculations
Span detailing assumptions
ACI 318-99, 318-02, 318-05, 318-08, 318-11 Code Span Detailing Rules
AS 3600 - 2001 Code Span Detailing Rules
AS 3600 - 2009 Code Span Detailing Rules
AS 3600 - 2018 Code Span Detailing Rules
BS 8110 - 1997 Code Span Detailing Rules
CSA A23.3-04 Code Span Detailing Rules
IS 456 - 2000 Code Span Detailing Rules
EC2 Code Span Detailing Rules
Development lengths / anchorage
ACI 318-99, 318-02, 318-05, 318-08, 318-11 Development Lengths
ACI 318-14 Development Lengths
AS 3600-2001 and AS 3600-2009 Development Lengths
AS 3600-2018 Development Lengths
BS 8110-1997 Development Lengths
IS 456-2000 Development Lengths
EC2 Development Lengths
CSA A23.3-04 Development Lengths
How RAM Concept lays out longitudinal program reinforcement
How RAM Concept details longitudinal user and program reinforcement
How Concept treats transverse user and program reinforcement and individual transverse bars
Example 1: reinforcement results
Strength (only) calculations
Code Minimum and Strength calculations
ACI 318-99 Design
ACI 318-99 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
ACI 318-99 default load combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + L + Lr
Service LC: D + L + S
Sustained Service LC
DL + 0.25LL LC
Factored LC: 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7S
Service Wind LC: D + L + Lr + W
Service Wind LC: D + L + S + W
Service Wind LC: 0.6D + W
Service Seismic LC: D + L + Lr + 0.7E
Service Seismic LC: D + L + S + 0.7E
Service Seismic LC: 0.6D + 0.7E
Factored Wind LC: 1.05D + 1.28L + 1.28S + 1.6W
Factored Seismic LC: 1.2D + f1L + 0.7S + E
ACI 318-99 / ASCE-7 / IBC 2003 live load factors
ACI 318-99 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Non-prestressed) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
ACI 318-99 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Sustained Service
Strength
Ductility
UBC DL + 0.25 LL
ACI 318-99 code implementation
Section 7.12 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
Section 10.2 Factored Moment Resistance (Non prestressed)
Section 10.3.3 Ductility (Non prestressed)
Section 10.5.1 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 10.6.4 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.3 Shear Resistance of Beams (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.4 Shear Resistance of Beams (Prestressed)
Section 11.6 Beam Torsion
Chapter 13 (Two-way slab systems)
Section 18.4.1a Initial (at stressing) Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.1b Initial (at stressing) Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2a Sustained Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2b Service Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2c Service Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.7 Design Flexural Resistance (Prestressed)
Section 18.8.1 Ductility (Prestressed)
Section 18.8.3 Cracking Moment
Section 18.9.2 Minimum Reinforcement - One Way
Section 18.9.3.2 Midspan Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Section 18.9.3.3 Support Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Punching Shear Design
ACI 318-02 Design
ACI 318-02 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
ACI 318-02 default load combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + L + Lr
Service LC: D + L + S
Sustained Service LC
Factored LC: 1.4D
Factored LC: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
Factored LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 1.6Lr
Factored LC: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S
Factored LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 1.6S
Service Wind LC: D + L + Lr + W
Service Wind LC: D + L + S + W
Service Wind LC: 0.6D + W
Service Seismic LC: D + L + Lr + 0.7E
Service Seismic LC: D + L + S + 0.7E
Service Seismic LC: 0.6D + 0.7E
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5Lr + 1.6W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5S + 1.6W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.6S + 0.8W
Factored Seismic LC: 1.2D + f1L+ f2S + E
ACI318-02 / ASCE-7 / IBC 2003 live load factors
ACI 318-02 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Non-prestressed) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
ACI 318-02 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Sustained Service
Strength
Ductility
ACI 318-02 code implementation
Section 7.12 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
Section 10.2 Factored Moment Resistance (Non prestressed)
Section 10.3.5 Ductility (Non prestressed)
Section 10.5.1 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 10.6.4 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.3 Shear Resistance of Beams (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.4 Shear Resistance of Beams (Prestressed)
Section 11.6 Beam Torsion
Chapter 13 (Two-way slab systems)
Section 18.3.3 Service Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.4.1a Initial (at stressing) Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.1b Initial (at stressing) Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2a Sustained Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2b Service Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.4 Reinforcement Spacing Limits for Class C Members
Section 18.7 Design Flexural Resistance (Prestressed)
Section 18.8.2 Cracking Moment
Section 18.9.2 Minimum Reinforcement - One Way
Section 18.9.3.2 Midspan Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Section 18.9.3.3 Support Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Punching Shear Design
ACI 318-05 Design
ACI 318-05 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
ACI 318-05 default load combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + L
Service LC: D + Lr
Service LC: D + S
Service LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr
Service LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75S
Sustained Service LC
Factored LC: 1.4D
Factored LC: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
Factored LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 1.6Lr
Factored LC: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S
Factored LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 1.6S
Service Wind LC: D + W
Service Wind LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr + 0.75W
Service Wind LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75S + 0.75W
Service Wind LC: 0.6D + W
Service Seismic LC: D + 0.7E
Service Seismic LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr + 0.525E
Service Seismic LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75S + 0.525E
Service Seismic LC: 0.6D + 0.7E
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5Lr + 1.6W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5S + 1.6W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.6S + 0.8W
Factored Seismic LC: 1.2D + f1L+ f2S + E
ACI318-05 / ASCE-7 / IBC 2006 live load factors
ACI 318-05 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Non-prestressed) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
ACI 318-05 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Sustained Service
Strength
Ductility
ACI 318-05 code implementation
Section 7.12 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
Section 10.2 Factored Moment Resistance (Non prestressed)
Section 10.3.5 Ductility (Non prestressed)
Section 10.5.1 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 10.6.4 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.3 Shear Resistance of Beams (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.4 Shear Resistance of Beams (Prestressed)
Section 11.6 Beam Torsion
Chapter 13 (Two-way slab systems)
Section 18.3.3 Service Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.4.1a Initial (at stressing) Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.1b Initial (at stressing) Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2a Sustained Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2b Service Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.4 Reinforcement Spacing Limits for Class C Members
Section 18.7 Design Flexural Resistance (Prestressed)
Section 18.8.2 Cracking Moment
Section 18.9.2 Minimum Reinforcement - One Way
Section 18.9.3.2 Midspan Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Section 18.9.3.3 Support Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Punching Shear Design
ACI 318-08 Design
ACI 318-08 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
ACI 318-08 default load combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + L
Service LC: D + Lr
Service LC: D + S
Service LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr
Service LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75S
Sustained Service LC
Factored LC: 1.4D
Factored LC: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
Factored LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 1.6Lr
Factored LC: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S
Factored LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 1.6S
Service Wind LC: D + W
Service Wind LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr + 0.75W
Service Wind LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75S + 0.75W
Service Wind LC: 0.6D + W
Service Seismic LC: D + 0.7E
Service Seismic LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr + 0.525E
Service Seismic LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75S + 0.525E
Service Seismic LC: 0.6D + 0.7E
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5Lr + 1.6W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5S + 1.6W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.6S + 0.8W
Factored Seismic LC: 1.2D + f1L+ f2S + E
Factored Seismic LC: 0.9D + E
ACI318-08 / ASCE-7 / IBC 2009 live load factors
ACI 318-08 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Non-prestressed) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
ACI 318-08 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Sustained Service
Strength
Ductility
ACI 318-08 code implementation
Section 7.12 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
Section 10.2 Factored Moment Resistance (Non prestressed)
Section 10.3.5 Ductility (Non prestressed)
Section 10.5.1 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 10.6.4 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.2 Shear Resistance of Beams (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.3 Shear Resistance of Beams (Prestressed)
Section 11.5 Beam Torsion
Chapter 13 (Two-way slab systems)
Section 18.3.3 Service Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.4.1a Initial (at stressing) Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.1c Initial (at stressing) Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2a Sustained Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2b Service Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.4 Reinforcement Spacing Limits for Class C Members
Section 18.7 Design Flexural Resistance (Prestressed)
Section 18.8.2 Cracking Moment
Section 18.9.2 Minimum Reinforcement - One Way
Section 18.9.3.2 Midspan Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Section 18.9.3.3 Support Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Punching Shear Design
ACI 318-11 Design
ACI 318-11 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
ACI 318-11 default load combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + L
Service LC: D + Lr
Service LC: D + S
Service LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr
Service LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75S
Sustained Service LC
Factored LC: 1.4D
Factored LC: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
Factored LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 1.6Lr
Factored LC: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S
Factored LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 1.6S
Service Wind LC: D + 0.6W
Service Wind LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr + 0.45W
Service Wind LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75S + 0.45W
Service Wind LC: 0.6D + 0.6W
Service Seismic LC: D + 0.7E
Service Seismic LC: D + 0.75L + 0.75S + 0.525E
Service Seismic LC: 0.6D + 0.7E
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5Lr + W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5S + W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5W
Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.6S + 0.5W
Factored Seismic LC: 1.2D + f1L+ f2S + E
Factored Seismic LC: 0.9D + E
ACI318-11 / ASCE-7 / live load factors
ACI 318-11 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Non-prestressed) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
ACI 318-11 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Sustained Service
Strength
Ductility
ACI 318-11 code implementation
Section 7.12 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
Section 10.2 Factored Moment Resistance (Non prestressed)
Section 10.3.5 Ductility (Non prestressed)
Section 10.5.1 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 10.6.4 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.2 Shear Resistance of Beams (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.3 Shear Resistance of Beams (Prestressed)
Section 11.5 Beam Torsion
Chapter 13 (Two-way slab systems)
Section 18.3.3 Service Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.4.1a Initial (at stressing) Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.1c Initial (at stressing) Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2a Sustained Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.2b Service Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.4.4 Reinforcement Spacing Limits for Class C Members
Section 18.7 Design Flexural Resistance (Prestressed)
Section 18.8.2 Cracking Moment
Section 18.9.2 Minimum Reinforcement - One Way
Section 18.9.3.2 Midspan Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Section 18.9.3.3 Support Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Punching Shear Design
ACI 318-14 Design
ACI 318-14 default loadings
ACI 318-14 default load combinations
ACI318-14 / ASCE-7 / live load factors
ACI 318-14 Material Behaviors
ACI 318-14 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Sustained Service
Strength
Ductility
ACI 318-14 code implementation
Section 7.6.1.1 and 8.6.1.1 Minimum Flexural Reinforcement
Sections 7.5.2, 8.5.2 and 9.5.2 Factored Moment Resistance (Non prestressed)
Sections 7.3.3.1, 8.3.3.1, and 9.3.3.1 Ductility (Non prestressed)
Sections 9.6.1.1 and 9.6.1.2 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Sections 7.7.2.2 and 9.7.2.2 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Sections 7.5.3, 8.5.3 and 9.5.3 Shear Resistance (Non Prestressed)
Sections 7.5.3, 8.5.3 and 9.5.3 Shear Resistance of Beams (Prestressed)
Section 9.5.4 Beam Torsion
Chapter 8 (Two-way slab systems)
Section 24.5.2.1 Service Tensile Stress Limit
Section 24.5.3.1 Initial (at stressing) Compressive Stress Limit
Section 24.5.3.2 Initial (at stressing) Tensile Stress Limit
Section 24.5.4.1 Sustained Compressive Stress Limit
Section 24.5.4.1 Service Compressive Stress Limit
Sections 7.7.2.2 and 9.7.2.2 Reinforcement Spacing Limits for Class C Members
Section 7.5.2, 8.5.2 and 9.5.2 Design Flexural Resistance (Prestressed)
Sections 7.6.2.1, 8.6.2.2 and 9.6.2.1 Cracking Moment
Sections 7.6.2.3 and 9.6.2.3 Minimum Reinforcement - One Way
Section 8.6.2.3 Midspan Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Section 8.6.2.3 Support Two Way Minimum Reinforcement
Punching Shear Design
AS 3600-2001 Design
AS 3600-2001 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
Snow Loading
AS 3600-2001 default load combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + ψ L
Service LC: D + ψ L + S
Max Service LC: D + L
Ultimate LC: 1.35D
Ultimate LC: 1.2D + 1.5L
Ultimate LC: 1.2D + ψ L + S
Service Wind LC: D + ψ L + W
Service Seismic LC: D + ψ L + E
Ultimate Wind LC: 1.2D + ψ L + W
Ultimate Seismic LC: D + ψ L + E
Sustained Service LC
AS3600 / AS/NZS 1170.1 live load factors
AS 3600-2001 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Non-prestressed) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
AS 3600-2001 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Max Service
Strength
Ductility
AS 3600-2001 code implementation
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete Flexural Tensile Strength
Unbonded Post-Tensioning Stress-Strain Curves
Section 8.1 Strength of Beams in Bending
8.1.4 Minimum Flexural Strength
8.1.4.2 Transfer Compressive Stress Limits
Section 8.1.3 Ductility of Beams in Bending
Section 8.2 Shear Design
Section 8.3 Beam Torsion Design
Section 8.6.1 RC Beam Crack Control
Section 8.6.2 PT Beam Crack Control
Section 9.1 Strength of Slabs in Bending
Section 9.4.1 RC Slab Crack Control
Section 9.4.2 PT Slab Crack Control
Section 9.4.3.2 Shrinkage and Temperature
Punching Shear Design
AS 3600-2009 Design
AS 3600-2009 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
Snow Loading
AS 3600-2009 default load combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + ψ L
Service LC: D + ψ L + S
Max Service LC: D + L
Ultimate LC: 1.35D
Ultimate LC: 1.2D + 1.5L
Ultimate LC: 1.2D + ψ L + S
Service Wind LC: D + ψ L + W
Service Seismic LC: D + ψ L + E
Ultimate Wind LC: 1.2D + ψ L + W
Ultimate Seismic LC: D + ψ L + E
Sustained Service LC
AS3600 / AS/NZS 1170.1 live load factors
AS 3600-2009 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Non-prestressed) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
AS 3600-2009 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Max Service
Strength
Ductility
AS 3600-2009 code implementation
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete Flexural Tensile Strength
Unbonded Post-Tensioning Stress-Strain Curves
Section 8.1 Strength of Beams in Bending
8.1.6 Minimum Flexural Strength
8.1.6.2 Transfer Compressive Stress Limits
Section 8.1.5 Ductility of Beams in Bending
Section 8.2 Shear Design
Section 8.3 Beam Torsion Design
Section 8.6.1 RC Beam Crack Control
Section 8.6.2 PT Beam Crack Control
Section 9.1 Strength of Slabs in Bending
Section 9.4.1 RC Slab Crack Control
Section 9.4.2 PT Slab Crack Control
Section 9.4.3.2 Shrinkage and Temperature
Punching Shear Design
AS 3600-2018 Design
AS 3600-2018 default loadings
AS 3600-2018 default load combinations
AS3600 / AS/NZS 1170.1 live load factors
AS 3600-2018 Material Behaviors
AS 3600-2018 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Max Service
Strength
Ductility
AS 3600-2018 code implementation
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete Flexural Tensile Strength
Unbonded Post-Tensioning Stress-Strain Curves
Section 8.1 Strength of Beams in Bending
8.1.6 Minimum Flexural Strength
8.1.6.2 Transfer Compressive Stress Limits
Section 8.1.5 Ductility of Beams in Bending
Section 8.2 Shear Design
Section 8.3 Beam Torsion Design
Section 9.1 Strength of Slabs in Bending
Section 8.6.1/9.5.1 Crack Control
Section 8.6.2.2/9.5.2.2 Assessment of Crack Widths for RC Beams and Slabs Without Direct Calculation (Tables)
Section 8.6.3/9.5.2.3 Crack Control for PT Beams and Slabs Without Direct Calculation (Tables)
Section 8.6.3/9.5.2.3 Crack Control with Direct Crack Width Calculation
Section 9.5.3.2 Minimum Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement in Primary Direction
Punching Shear Design
BS 8110: 1997 Design
BS 8110 / TR 43 default loadings
Default Pattern Loading Factors
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
BS 8110 / TR 43 Default Load Combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + L + S
Ultimate LC: 1.4D + 1.6L + 1.6S
Service Wind LC: D + L + S + W
Service Wind LC: D + W
Ultimate Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.2L + 1.2S + 1.2W
Ultimate Wind LC: D + 1.4W
Accident LC
Sustained Service LC
BS 8110 / BS 6399-1 live load factors
BS 8110/TR43 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Untensioned) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
BS 8110 / TR 43 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service (Transfer)
Service
Strength
Ductility
Accident
BS8110 / TR43 code implementation
Section 3.2.2.1 Redistribution of moments (Ductility Check)
Section 3.4.4 Design resistance moment of beams
Section 3.4.5 Design shear resistance of beams
Section 3.4.5.13 Torsion
Section 3.5.4 Resistance moment of solid slabs
Section 3.5.5 Shear resistance of solid slabs
Section 3.12.5 Minimum areas of reinforcement in members
Section 3.12.11.2.1 Bar spacing
Section 3.12.11.2.4 Beam Bar spacing
Section 3.12.11.2.7 Slab Bar spacing
Section 4.2.3.1 Redistribution of Moments (Ductility Check)
Section 4.3.4.2 Compressive stresses in concrete
Section 4.3.4.3 Flexural tension stresses in concrete
Determination of Bonded vs. Unbonded Cross Sections
Calculation of Supplemental Untensioned Reinforcement
Calculation of Supplemental Reinforcement Per 4.3.4.3(c)
Calculation of Supplemental Reinforcement Per TR 43, 6.10.5
Section 4.3.5.1 Design compressive stresses (Transfer)
Section 4.3.5.2 Design tensile stresses in flexure (Transfer)
Section 4.3.7 Ultimate limit state for beams in flexure
Section 4.3.8 Design shear resistance of beams
Section 4.3.9 Torsion
Section 4.4.1 / 4.3.8 Slabs (shear)
Section 4.12.2 Limitation on area of prestressing tendons
Part 2, Section 3.8.3 Assessment of Crack Widths
TR 43 / Section 6.10.6 Minimum un-tensioned reinforcement
Punching shear design
IS 456 : 2000 / IS 1343 : 1980 Design
IS 456 / IS 1343 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
IS 456 Default Load Combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + L + S
Ultimate LC: 1.5D + 1.5L + 1.5S
Service Wind LC: D + 0.8L + 0.8S + 0.8W
Service Wind LC: D + W
Ultimate Wind LC: 1.2D + 1.2L + 1.2S + 1.2W
Ultimate Wind LC: 0.9D + 1.5W
Service Seismic LC: D + 0.8L + 0.2S + 0.8E
Service Seismic LC: D + E
Ultimate Seismic LC: 1.2D + 1.2L + 0.3S + 1.2E
Ultimate Seismic LC: 0.9D + 1.5E
Sustained Service LC
IS 875 (Part 2) live load factors
IS 456 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Untensioned) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
IS 456 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service (Transfer)
Service
Strength
Ductility
IS 456 code implementation
Section 26.5.1.1
Section 26.5.2.1
Section 31.7.1
Section 37 / 38 Redistribution of moments (Ductility Check)
Section 38 Design resistance moment of beams
Section 40 Design shear resistance
Section 41 Torsion
Annex F Assessment of Crack Widths
IS 1343 code implementation
Section 18.6.3.2c Minimum transverse reinforcement
Section 18.6.3.3 Minimum longitudinal reinforcement
Section 18.6.3.3 Limitation on area of prestressing tendons
Section 21.1.1 Redistribution of moments (Ductility Check)
Section 22.1 Ultimate limit state for beams in flexure
Section 22.4 Design shear resistance of beams
Section 22.5 Torsion
Section 22.7.1 Flexural tension stresses in concrete
Determination of Bonded vs. Unbonded Cross Sections
Calculation of Supplemental Untensioned Reinforcement
Section 22.8.1 Design compressive stresses
Section 22.8.2 Design compressive stresses (Transfer)
Punching Shear Design
EN 1992-1-1: 2004 (Eurocode 2) With TR43 Design
EC2 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
Snow Loading
Live (Parking) Loading
EC2 Default Load Combinations
All Dead LC
Dead + Balance LC
Initial Service LC
Characteristic Service LC: D + L + 0.5S
Characteristic Service Snow LC: D + ψ0L + S
Frequent Service LC: D + ψ 1 L
Frequent Service Snow LC: D + ψ2L + 0.2S
Quasi-Permanent Service LC: D + ψ2L
Ultimate LC: 1.35D + 0.9H + 1.5ψ0L + 0.75S
Ultimate LC: 1.35ξ D + 0.9H + 1.5ψ0L + 1.5S
Ultimate LC: 1.35ξ D + 0.9H + 1.5L + 0.75S
Accident LC
Characteristic Service Wind LC: D + ψ0L + 0.5S + W
Characteristic Service Wind LC: D + ψ0L + S + ψ0W
Characteristic Service Wind LC: D + L + 0.5S + ψ0W
Frequent Service Wind LC: D + ψ2L + 0.2W
Ultimate Wind LC: 1.35D + 0.9H + 1.5ψ0L + 0.75S + 1.5ψ0W
Ultimate Wind LC: 1.35ξ D + 0.9H + 1.5L + 0.75S + 1.5ψ0W
Ultimate Wind LC: 1.35ξ D + 0.9H + 1.5ψ0 L + 1.5S + 1.5ψ0W
Ultimate Wind LC: 1.35ξ D + 0.9H + 1.5ψ0 L + 0.75S + 1.5W
Equilibrium Wind LC: 0.9D + 1.5W
Eurocode 1 Part 1-1 (UK National Annex) Live Load Reduction
EC2 Material behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Untensioned) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
EC2 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service (Transfer)
Characteristic Service
Frequent Service
Quasi-Permanent Service
Strength
Ductility
Accident
EC2 code implementation
Section 5.5 Redistribution of moments (Ductility Check)
Section 5.10.2.2 Limitation of Concrete Stress (Transfer)
Section 6.1 Design resistance moment
Section 6.2 Design shear resistance
Section 6.3 Torsion
7.2 Stress Limitation
7.3.1 Assessment of Crack Widths
Section 9.2.1.1 Beam Minimum Reinforcement
Section 9.3.1.1 RC Slab Minimum Reinforcement
Section 9.10 Tying Systems for Accidental Design Situations
Determination of Bonded vs. Unbonded Cross Sections
TR-43 5.8.1 PT Service Stresses (UK National Annex only)
TR-43 5.8.2 PT Initial Service (transfer) Stresses (UK National Annex Only)
TR-43 5.8.3 PT Crack Control (UK National Annex Only)
TR-43 5.8.5 PT Ultimate Limit State
TR-43 5.8.7 PT Un-tensioned Reinforcement (UK National Annex Only)
TR-43 5.8.8 PT Minimum Reinforcement (UK National Annex Only)
TR-43 5.9 Shear Strength
CSA A23.3-04 Design
CSA A23.3-04 default loadings
Temporary Construction (At Stressing) Loading
Snow Loading
CSA A23.3-04 default load combinations
All Dead LC
Initial Service LC
Service LC: D + L + 0.45S
Service Snow LC: D + 0.5L + 0.9S
Service Wind LC: D + 0.5L + 0.45S + 0.75W
Service Wind LC: D + L + 0.45S + 0.3W
Service Wind LC: D + 0.5L + 0.9S + 0.3W
Sustained Service LC
Factored LC: 1.4D
Factored LC: 1.25D + 1.5L + 0.5S
Factored LC: 1.25D + 0.5L + 1.5S
Factored Wind LC: 1.25D + 0.5L+ 0.5S + 1.4W
Factored Wind LC: 1.25D + 1.5L + 0.5S + 0.4W
Factored Wind LC: 1.25D + 0.5L+ 1.5S + 0.4W
Factored Seismic LC: D + 0.5L+ 0.25S + E
CSA A23.3-04/NBC 2005 live load factors
CSA A23.3-04 Material Behaviors
Concrete Behavior
(Non-prestressed) Reinforcement Behavior
Bonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Reinforcement Behavior
CSA A23.3-04 code rule selection
Code Minimum Reinforcement
User Minimum Reinforcement
Initial Service
Service
Sustained Service
Strength
Ductility
CSA A23.3-04 code implementation
Section 7.8 Minimum Reinforcement in Slabs
Section 10.1 Factored Moment Resistance
Section 10.5.1 Minimum Reinforcement in Beams (Non prestressed)
Section 10.5.2 Redistribution of Moments - Ductility Check (Non prestressed)
Section 10.6.1 Beams and One-way Slabs - Crack Control
Section 10.5.1 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 10.6.1 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Non Prestressed)
Section 11.3 Shear and Torsion Tension
Section 11.3 Shear Resistance of Beams
Section 11.3 Torsion Design
Chapter 13 (Two-way slab systems)
Section 18.3.1.1a Initial (at stressing) Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.3.1.1b Initial (at stressing) Tensile Stress Limit
Section 18.3.2a Sustained Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.3.2b Service Compressive Stress Limit
Section 18.7 Cracking Moment
Section 18.8.2 Minimum Bonded Reinforcement
Section 18.8.3 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members (Prestressed)
Punching Shear Design
Load History Deflections
About RAM Concept ’s load history deflection calculations
The load history deflection calculation process
Load history calculations on the cross section
Material Stress Strain Curves
Creep
Shrinkage
Creep and Shrinkage Models
Cracking/Tension Stiffening
Load History
Element stiffness adjustments
Why are load history deflection results different from Long Term Deflection results plotted for the strip?
Advice on drawing cross sections
A final word of caution
Punching Shear Design Notes
Punching shear overview
What is a punching shear failure?
How are forces really transferred in a punching zone?
How do the building codes handle punching shear?
How does RAM Concept handle punching shear?
Step 1: Determine the force envelopes to be checked
Step 2: Determine the column critical sections
Step 3: Determine the code-model stresses on the column sections
Step 4: Determine the code-allowable stresses on the column sections
Step 5: Design stud shear reinforcement (SSR) if necessary
Step 6: Summarize the Results
Using RAM Concept 's results to specify stud shear reinforcement (SSR) systems
Column connection type
About Connection Type
ACI 318/CSA A23.3 Punching Shear Design
Critical Section Properties and Equations for Actual Stress
ACI 318 Specific Provisions
CSA A23.3 Specific Provisions
AS 3600 Punching Shear Design
EN 1992-2004 Punching Shear Design
Calculation of punching resistance for the unreinforced section
Sign convention
Advice on the selection of punching check properties
Miscellaneous information
Some final words of advice
Vibration Analysis Notes
Dynamic Characteristics of Structures
Free Vibration
Damping
Resonant vs. Impulsive Response
Resonant Footfall Response
Resonant Simplified (fast) Analysis
Resonant Modal Analysis
RMS Values for Resonant Response
Calculation of Response Factor
Impulsive Footfall Response
RMS Values for Impulsive Response
Calculation of Response Factor
Evaluating Vibration Performance and Interpreting Results
Excitation and Response Node Options
Recommendations for Analysis Options
Mode Data Text Table
Velocity and Acceleration Contour Plots
Evaluation of Response Factor Plots
Tutorials
Simple RC Slab Tutorial
Defining the structure
Define the column locations and properties
Draw the slab area
Hatch the slab area
Generate the mesh
View the mesh
View the structure
Drawing the loads
Defining the design strips
Draw latitude design strips
Draw longitude design strips
Regenerate the mesh
Drawing punching shear checks
Calculate and view the results
Design status
Design reinforcement
View Reinforcement
View Specific Reinforcement
View Reinforcement Controlling Criteria
Design reinforcement plots
Punching shear
View Punching Shear
View SSR
Deflection
View service deflection
View service deflection without colors
Bending Moments
Drawing reinforcement
Drawing a bottom reinforcement mat
PT Flat Plate Tutorial: ACI 318-08
Import the CAD drawing
Define the structure
Show the drawing on the mesh input layer
Draw the slab area
Draw the balcony slab area
Draw the drop caps
Draw the opening
Hatch the slab areas
Define the column locations and properties
Define the wall location and properties
Generate the mesh
View the mesh
View the structure
Define the loads
Define the typical live load
Define the balcony live load
Define the other dead loading
Define the post-tensioning
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 4
Define a latitude tendon polyline
Define the latitude profile polylines
Define the manual longitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the manual longitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the manual longitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the manual longitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the manual longitude tendons Pt. 5
Replace some manual longitude tendons with a distributed tendon quadrilateral
Define the longitude profile polylines Pt. 1
Define the longitude profile polylines Pt. 2
Define the longitude profile polylines Pt. 3
Create the design strips
Generate the latitude spans
Generate the latitude strips
Hatch the strips
Straighten a span segment
Edit the span cross section orientation
Draw a Span Boundary Polyline
Regenerate the latitude span strips
Generate the longitude spans
Straighten a span segment
Delete the span segment over the wall
Edit the span cross section orientation
Generate the longitude strips
Check for punching shear
Regenerate the mesh
Calculate and view the results
Review Calc Options
Calculate
View the design strips with tendons
Edit span segment 6-2
Recalculate
Design status
Design reinforcement
Look at design reinforcement
Look at detailed top reinforcement
Concrete stresses
Deflection
Calculate Load History Deflections
View maximum short term load deflection
View sustained deflection
Bending Moments
View Factored LC Moments
View the balanced load percentages
PT Flat Plate Tutorial: AS3600-2001
Import the CAD drawing
Define the structure
Show the drawing on the mesh input layer
Draw the slab area
Draw the balcony slab area
Draw the drop caps
Draw the opening
Hatch the slab areas
Define the column locations and properties
Define the wall location and properties
Generate the mesh
View the mesh
View the structure
Define the loads
Define the typical live load
Define the balcony live load
Define the other dead loading
Define the post-tensioning
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the manual latitude tendons Pt. 6
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 6
Create the design strips
Generate the latitude spans
Generate the latitude strips
Hatch the strips
Straighten a span segment
Edit the span cross section orientation
Draw a Span Boundary Polyline
Regenerate the latitude span strips
Draw a Span Boundary Polyline
Generate the longitude spans
Straighten a span segment
Delete the span segment over the wall
Generate the longitude strips
Edit span segment with Span Boundaries and Strip Boundaries
Edit the span cross section orientation
Check for punching shear
Regenerate the mesh
Calculate and view the results
Review Calc Options
Calculate
View the design strips with tendons
Edit span segment 6-2
Edit span segment 2-3
Recalculate
Design status
Design reinforcement
Deflection
Calculate Load History Deflections
View maximum short term load deflection
View sustained deflection
Bending Moments
View Factored LC Moments
View the balanced load percentages
PT Flat Plate Tutorial: BS8110 / TR43
Import the CAD drawing
Define the structure
Show the drawing on the mesh input layer
Draw the slab area
Draw the balcony slab area
Draw the drop caps
Draw the opening
Hatch the slab areas
Define the column locations and properties
Define the wall location and properties
Generate the mesh
View the mesh
View the structure
Define the loads
Define the typical live load
Define the balcony live load
Define the other dead loading
Define the post-tensioning
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 6
Create the design strips
Generate the latitude spans
Generate the latitude strips
Hatch the strips
Straighten a span segment
Edit the span cross section orientation
Draw a Span Boundary Polyline
Regenerate the latitude span strips
Generate the longitude spans
Straighten a span segment
Delete the span segment over the wall
Edit the span cross section orientation
Generate the longitude strips
Check for punching shear
Regenerate the mesh
Calculate and view the results
Review Calc Options
Calculate
View the design strips with tendons
Edit span segment 6-2
Recalculate
Design status
Design reinforcement
Look at design reinforcement
Look at detailed top reinforcement
Concrete stresses
Deflection
Calculate Load History Deflections
View maximum short term load deflection
View sustained deflection
Bending Moments
View Factored LC Moments
View the balanced load percentages
PT Flat Plate Tutorial: EC2 / TR43
Import the CAD drawing
Define the structure
Show the drawing on the mesh input layer
Draw the slab area
Draw the balcony slab area
Draw the drop caps
Draw the opening
Hatch the slab areas
Define the column locations and properties
Define the wall location and properties
Generate the mesh
View the mesh
View the structure
Define the loads
Define the typical live load
Define the balcony live load
Define the other dead loading
Define the post-tensioning
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 6
Create the design strips
Generate the latitude spans
Generate the latitude strips
Hatch the strips
Straighten a span segment
Edit the span cross section orientation
Draw a Span Boundary Polyline
Regenerate the latitude span strips
Generate the longitude spans
Straighten a span segment
Delete the span segment over the wall
Edit the span cross section orientation
Generate the longitude strips
Check for punching shear
Regenerate the mesh
Calculate and view the results
Review Calc Options
Calculate
View the design strips with tendons
Edit span segment 6-2
Recalculate
Design status
Stress and Crack Width Designs
To have Concept use only the TR43 stress limits
Calculate and Review Updated Status
Design reinforcement
Look at design reinforcement
Look at detailed top reinforcement
Concrete stresses
Deflection
Calculate Load History Deflections
View maximum short term load deflection
View sustained deflection
Bending Moments
View Ultimate LC Moments
View the balanced load percentages:
PT Flat Plate Tutorial: IS 456 : 2000
Import the CAD drawing
Define the structure
Show the drawing on the mesh input layer
Draw the slab area
Draw the balcony slab area
Draw the drop caps
Draw the opening
Hatch the slab areas
Define the column locations and properties
Define the wall location and properties
Generate the mesh
View the mesh
View the structure
Define the loads
Define the typical live load
Define the balcony live load
Define the other dead loading
Define the post-tensioning
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 6
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 7
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 6
Create the design strips
Generate the latitude spans
Generate the latitude strips
Hatch the strips
Straighten a span segment
Edit the span cross section orientation
Draw a Span Boundary Polyline
Regenerate the latitude span strips
Draw a Span Boundary Polyline
Generate the longitude spans
Straighten a span segment
Delete the span segment over the wall
Generate the longitude strips
Edit span segment with Span Boundaries and Strip Boundaries
Edit the span cross section orientation
Check for punching shear
Regenerate the mesh
Calculate and view the results
Review Calc Options
Calculate
View the design strips with tendons
Edit span segment 6-2
Edit span segment 2-3
Recalculate
Design Status
Design reinforcement
Deflection
Calculate Load History Deflections
View maximum short term load deflection
View sustained deflection
Bending Moments
View Factored LC Moments
View the balanced load percentages
PT Flat Plate Tutorial: CSA A23.3-04
Import the CAD drawing
Define the structure
Show the drawing on the mesh input layer
Draw the slab area
Draw the balcony slab area
Draw the drop caps
Draw the opening
Hatch the slab areas
Define the column locations and properties
Define the wall location and properties
Generate the mesh
View the mesh
View the structure
Define the loads
Define the typical live load
Define the balcony live load
Define the other dead loading
Define the post-tensioning
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the latitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 1
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 2
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 3
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 4
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 5
Define the longitude tendons Pt. 6
Create the design strips
Generate the latitude spans
Generate the latitude strips
Hatch the strips
Straighten a span segment
Edit the span cross section orientation
Draw a Span Boundary Polyline
Regenerate the latitude span strips
Generate the longitude spans
Straighten a span segment
Delete the span segment over the wall
Edit the span cross section orientation
Generate the longitude strips
Check for punching shear
Regenerate the mesh
Calculate and view the results
Review Calc Options
Calculate
View the design strips with tendons
Edit span segment 6-2
Recalculate
Design status
Design reinforcement
Look at design reinforcement
Look at detailed top reinforcement
Concrete stresses
Deflection
Calculate Load History Deflections
View maximum short term load deflection
View sustained deflection
Bending Moments
View Ultimate LC Moments
View the balanced load percentages
Mat Foundation Tutorial
Import the CAD drawing
Define the structure
Show the drawing on the mesh input layer
Draw the slab area
Define the column locations and properties
Define the wall location and properties
Define the area spring location and properties
Generate the mesh
View the mesh
View the structure
Define the loads
Define the other dead loading
Copy to the live (reducible) loading layer
Define the ultimate seismic east loading
Create the design strips
Draw latitude design strips
Generate the latitude strips
Hatch the strips
Edit the cross section orientation
Regenerate the latitude span strips
Draw longitude design strips
Generate the longitude strips
Edit the cross section orientation
Regenerate the longitude span strips
Check for punching shear
Regenerate the mesh
Calculate and view the results
Review Calc Options
Calculate
Look at reinforcement and design status
View Specific Reinforcement
Bearing stresses
Strip Wizard Tutorial
Start Strip Wizard
Set the general parameters
Enter the span data
Create the supports below
Add drop caps
Specify the loads
Define the post-tensioning
Specify the reinforcement parameters
Complete the Strip Wizard
Proceed with RAM Concept
Comparison with PT Flat Plate Tutorial
Conclusion