The following provisions are used by RAM Concrete Beam in bending design:

1. A rectangular concrete stress block is utilized as described in 8.1.2.2.
2. The neutral axis depth factor (k_u) is limited to 0.4.
3. The lever arm between the concrete stress block and the tensile forces in the reinforcement is calculated as:
   $z=d(0.5+\sqrt{0.25-k/1.7})$
   where

   z	=	the lever arm
   d	=	the effective depth of the cross-section
   K	=	a factor calculated as (M / fcubd2)

   This formula arises from equilibrium of internal forces under the applied moment.
4. The depth of the neutral axis is calculated as:
   $x=\frac{(d-z)}{0.5\gamma }$
   where

   x	=	the depth of the neutral axis
   γ	=	0.85 – 0.007(f’c-28) with the limits 0.65 to 0.85
   f’c	=	the characteristic compressive cylinder strength of the concrete at 28 days

5. Compression reinforcement is provided if:

   K > 0.34 γ (1 – 0.2 γ)

   where

   K

   =

   as given in (c) above. This limit is provided to ensure ductile failure of the cross-section at ultimate limit state.

6. Tension and compression reinforcement (if required) are provided such that:
   1. The forces in the cross section are in equilibrium,
   2. The internal moment developed by the internal forces is greater than or equal to the applied moment.